Numerical model results

As for normal liquids, modeling of droplet processes of melts provides tremendous opportunities to improve the understanding of the fundamental phenomena and underlying physics in the processes. It also provides basic guidelines for optimization and on-line control of the processes. This section is devoted to a comprehensive review of process models, computational methods, and numerical modeling results of the droplet processes of melts. The emphasis of this section will be placed on the droplet processes in spray atomization for metal powder production, and spray forming for near-net shape materials synthesis and manufacturing. Details of these processes have been described in Ref. 3. 

Comparison of the numerical modeling results with surface and satellite observational data revealed, on the whole, satisfactory agreement. With the contribution of anthropogenic aerosol neglected, the DEAD model adequately simulates, for... 

Statistical (with observational data taken into account) scaling (reducing to a higher spatial resolution) of numerical modeling results obtained using low-resolution models. 

As mentioned above, recent attempts to identify the level of atmospheric climate change have been confined to analyses of comparatively long data series on SAT, though smaller volumes of data on changes in sea ice cover extent, vertical temperature profile (radiosonde data), and results of satellite microwave sensing have also been considered (Christy et ai, 1998). However, numerical modeling results show... 

Since the World Ocean is the most inertial component of the global climate system, analyzing its variability is a top priority, especially as Levitus et al. (2001) detected annual increases in the heat content of the upper layer of all oceans over the last 45 years. With this in mind, Barnett et al. (2001) compared numerical modeling results of the heat content of the upper 3 km layer of various oceans with observational data. Calculations were made using the parallel climate model (PCM) for the atmosphere-ocean system without any flux adjustment. Calculations were made of five versions of the forecast growth in GHG concentration and sulfate aerosol content in the atmosphere. 

In connection with the great interest in potential extreme events, IPCC (2001, 2007) contain respective prognostic estimates for comparison with present observations (Table 7.5). This was discussed in detail by Grigoryev and Kondratyev (2001c) and Kondratyev (1998b). Vagueness of the tabulated conclusions is explained by scarce observational data and unreliable numerical modeling results. 

Kondratyev K.Ya. (2004a). Global climate change Observational data and numerical modelling results. Research of the Earth from Space, 2, 3-25 [in Russian]. 

Fig. 5. Comparison of power law relationships between capillary pressure (psi) and permeability derived from the numerical model and as fitted to laboratory measurements of samples from a North Sea field. (The numerical model results represent a narrow pore size distribution at both 10 and 25% saturation). Squares repre.sent data, diamonds represent the model results.

One of the key issues in the porous media burner is where flame stabilization occurs. Numerical modeling, backed up by atmospheric pressure laboratory experiments, suggests that when stabilization is obtained at the interface between the media, operating flexibility and heat release is optimal. The numerical model results from the University of Texas (Prof. J. L. Ellzey) have been used to guide the positioning of thermocouples in the HP rig wall that will measure the rapid temperature rise adjacent to the interface, both axially and circumferentially. This is an important issue in the excess enthalpy concept on which this type... 

Results from these analyses are also presented in Table 1. It can be seen that including an EDZ in the analysis increased the total seepage into the buffer-filled portions of the borehole (SR3 and SR4). The numerical results correlated more closely to the pre-placement experimental results than the results produced without an EDZ, particularly for zones SR3 and SR4. The experimentally measured results for zone SR2 were very low for the pre-placement stage. However a good match was found between the decommissioning seepage for zone SR2 and the numerically modelled results. 

Steefel et al. ([23] and references therein) noted that the approach does not account for pH, competitive ion effects or oxidation-reduction reactions. As a consequence, values may vary by orders of magnitude from one set of conditions to another. Chen [25] also highlighted these limitations by comparing numerical modeling results of contaminant transport using a multi-component coupled reactive mass transport model and a based transport model. The conclusion from this work was that values vary with location and time and this variation could not be accounted for in the model. 

FIG. 8 — COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL MODEL RESULTS WITH LABORATORY FIVE-SPOT WATER-FLOOD DATA ... 

Finally, standard spectral ratio (SSR) and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) methods for the determination of the deposit fundamental frequencies are becoming increasingly popular not only in the research field but also in professional practice (i.e., for microzonation studies). Site amplification factors can, in fact, be inferred, at least in the linear strain range, using the SSR technique described by Field and Jacob (1993). HVSR amplifications obtained experimentally can, instead, be used to validate numerical model results (e.g., SESAME 2004 Lanzo et al. 2011). 

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