Warm up phase

After the license was awarded to Werner Pfleiderer (Section 2.3.3) and after an initial warm-up phase, machinery and process engineering underwent dramatic development. This took place during the years of industrial development and the simultaneous advances in the areas of polymer chemistry and plastics engineering that were taking place at the same time (example compounding technology). Five major developments characterize this boom ... 

In this section, the experimental results regarding the analysis of the FCS during the warm-up phase are presented. The tests are carried out starting from 18°C, for two different acceleration values (150 and 1,500 W/s). Regarding the stack humidification, the inlet air is saturated at the same temperature adopted for the stack at the beginning of the tests, to avoid membrane de-hydration. 

In order to study transient response of the stack during the warm-up phases the following experiments are carried out connecting the FCS to a resistive load electronically controlled. Starting from the temperature of 18°C the stack power is gradually increased up to about 8 kW by using two power accelerations (150 and 1,500 W/s). After each acceleration the system is left in steady state condition until the temperature of about 45°C is reached for the stack. 

The warm-up phase is also smdied using a slope of acceleration 10 times higher (1,500 W/s). The results are shown in Figs. 7.36, 7.37, 7.38, and 7.39 evidencing the tendency of the FCS to operate with irregularity only at the end of acceleration phase, in particular the total stack voltage decreases to about 50 V for... 

As for the former condition, it is appropriate to allow the component to adapt to the dimensional variations both during the warming up phase and the cooling phase. To this end it will be necessary to act on the morphology of the component and of the constraint as well as (if and when possible) on the temperature up... 

The present work describes the effect of hydrogen and of water on the NO + CO reaction over Rh and Pt at temperatures typical for the warm-up phase of catalytic converters. The data obtained demonstrate pronounced effects on reaction rates and product distributions which have apparently not been reported both in previous laboratory studies of the binary systems (NO + CO and NO + H2) and when using simulated exhaust gas mixtures. 

Experiment 3.4 Compression and expansion of air If air is compressed with a piston in a plexiglass cylinder having a thermocouple built in, the atoms become accelerated making the gas warmer (phase 1). After a while, the gas cools down to its original value because it is not insulated from the cylinder walls (phase 2). The piston s expansion leads to further cooling (phase 3). Then, entropy begins to flow back in and the gas begins to warm up (phase 4). The mrae slowly this is done, the more the diffoence between the compression and expansion disappears. 

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