The Atmosphere and Climate

The chemistry of Earth s climate is complicated. No one fully understands the relationship between the chemistry of the atmosphere and the resulting climate, but we do know that the chemical ingredients of the atmosphere—mainly the carbon content—have a direct effect on the temperature of the planet. The trick is figuring out exactly how the various ingredients interact with each other to produce the planet s climate over time. 

The atmosphere of modern Earth is thought to be very different from that of early Earth. Scientists conjecture that Earth s first atmosphere consisted of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide, with trace amounts of ammonia and methane. The gases in the atmosphere are thought to have been released from the interior of the planet by volcanic eruptions. At this early 

Before the appearance of photosynthetic organisms, there was no free oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen accumulated slowly as the numbers of photosynthesizing green algae and plants increased. 

Photosynthesis and respiration help to maintain the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Respiration is the process by which carbohydrates (most commonly glucose) are broken down for the release of energy needed for life processes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. Respiration does the opposite—it uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. Plants and algae carry on photosynthesis, while animals carry 

In summary. Earth did not always have the same concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen that it has today. The amounts of these gases in Earths atmosphere changed as life on Earth evolved. As photosynthesizing organisms evolved, they developed the ability to capture energy from sunlight and use it 

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Fiocco, G., D. Fua, and G. Visconti, Eds., The Effects of Mt. Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate, NATO ASI Series Volume 42, Subseries I, Global Environmental Change, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1996. 

Borisenkov Ye, P. and Kazakov Yu. Yu., Effect of freons and halocarbons on the ozone layer of the atmosphere and climate. Manuscript circulated later in translation in United States (1977). 

What all scenarios and models forecast is that a nuclear war would have a significant effect on the atmosphere and climate of Earth, and consequently, would drastically and negatively affect many aspects of life such as food production and energy consumption. 

The principles of chemical oceanography provide insight into the processes regulating the marine carbon cycle. These topics are essential to understanding the role of the ocean in regulating the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere and climate on both human and geological time scales. 

E.E. Uthe Application of surface-based and airborne lidar systems for environmental monitoring. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 33, 1149 (1983) G. Fiocco, D. Fiia, G. Visconti (eds.) The Mount Pinatubo Eruption — Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate. NATO ASI Series, Vol. 142 (Springer, Heidelberg 1996)... 

Vol. 42 The Mount Pinatubo Eruption Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate. 

Rosenberg, N. J. (1981). The increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and its implications on agricultural productivity. I. Effects on photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency. Climat. Change 3,265-279. 

Aerosol spray cans were invented in 1929, and perfection of a reliable valve and development of disposable cans took place in the 1940s. Shortly thereafter, aerosol became a household word. Like many other modem conveniences, however, the aerosol spray can has drawbacks as well as advantages. Because the particles in an aerosol are extremely tiny, they are quite mobile. They last for a long time in the atmosphere and can affect the climate, as already described. They can penetrate deep into our lungs and cause adverse health effects. Thus, anthropogenic aerosols have both global and local side effects. Despite increasing scientific studies, these effects are not yet fttlly understood. 

In addition to hydrothermal and volcanic activity, metamorphism may have influenced the CO2 levels of the atmosphere and caused climate changes. Based on a model of the Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera, Nesbitt et al. (1995) demonstrated that CO2 generation associated with crustal extension may have been a major contributor to the elevated CO2 levels of the Cenozoic atmosphere and the resulting global warming due to the CO2 greenhouse effect. 

In this section, Ishikawa (1996), and Kashiwagi et al. (2000) studies are described. Then, their calculated results are given, emphasizing the influence of hydrothermal and volcanic gas CO2 flux from back arc basins and island arc on CO2 concentration of atmosphere and climate change and are compared with the changes in CO2 and temperature obtained by analytical and paleontological data (S 0 of foraminiferal shell, Ce anomaly, 5 C, etc.). 

Global Warming and increased Climatic Variability due to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Accumulation in the Atmosphere and Increased Radiation due to Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). 

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