Carbon supply

Supply and Demand. Hie barium carbonate supply and demand in the United States for the years 1985 through 1989 is given in Table 4. 

Table 4. United States Barium Carbonate Supply and Demand, t...

A high partial pressure of steam is used to hydrate the CaO so that the exothermic reactions of carbonation supply a sufficient amount of energy for the endothermic gasification reaction. The calcium-based sorbent used in the HyPr-Ring process is either CaO or CaO/Ca(OH)2. 

Fig. 8.6 The relationship between initial SOC and the net C balance (stover + roots - maintenance requirement), and relative amount of carbon supplied by the roots (maintenance requirement -root biomass carbon) tilled and no-tilled system. Calculations were based on tilled and no-tilled systems with maintenance requirements of 16% and 10% of the SOC, a 11,270 kg grain ha-1 (180 bu acre-1), a harvest index of 0.5, a root to shoot ratio of 0.55, and that non-harvested com stover contained 0.4 g carbon(g plant)-1...

If global warming raises the temperature of surface waters and carbon dioxide continues to build up in the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water. The dissolved carbon dioxide can easily move back into the atmosphere unless it is taken up by marine plants or combines with a molecule of carbonate. But, the ocean s supply of carbonate is limited and is replenished only slowly as it is washed into the oceans by rivers that erode carbonate-containing rocks such as limestone. By absorbing two billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere each year, the ocean is depleting its buffer carbonate supply. 

The mechanism for methanol synthesis from mixtures of H2, CO and CO2 over supported Cu catalysts have been studied extensively in the literature using a number of chemical methods (Bell et al 1995). One of the key issues has been the role of CO and CO2 in maintaining the carbon supply for methanol synthesis or interconversion betwen the two via the water-gas shift reaction ... 

Another application is the measurement of activated carbon. Two different types of activated carbon were used for this investigation. One standard carbon with a rather small surface area of 75 m2/g (manufacturer s data) and one typical carbon supplied by Norit (GAC) with a surface area of 1100 m2/g (manufacturer s data). 

The bacteria will remain nitrogen limited as long as BCD is smaller than the carbon supply rate y/c + (C N)sy/N. The surplus production of organic carbon would accumulate at a rate R ... 

Baker, M. A., H. M. Valett, and C. N. Dahm. 2000. Organic carbon supply and metabolism in shallow groundwater ecosystem. Ecology 81 3133-3148. 

Figure 3.1. Global carbon cycle after Bolin and Sukumar (2000). Carbon supplies are given in GtC, and its fluxes in GtC/yr.

An idea of the size of carbon supplies in reservoirs is schematically shown in Figure 3.1, as proposed in the work of Bolin and Sukumar (2000). The quantities in this scheme differ widely from the data of other authors (Fierer et al., 2003 Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993). Figure 3.1 summarizes some of the published estimates. Nevertheless, their ratio and order of magnitude coincide in most cases. As can be seen, the maximum supply of carbon is concentrated in the World Ocean. The minimum is in the atmosphere. 

With the carbon supply in forest litter equal to 421.lt/km2, from which 12.95 t/km2 are annually leached into the soil, with 82.5% of this amount remaining in the upper soil layer (which can be up to 8 cm thick), we get C18 = 0.31. 

To promptly estimate the carbon supply in forests of the U.S.A., a computer algorithm, called Cole s parallel merge sort algorithm, was developed and used to specify all available data on the carbon budget inventory (Cole, 1988). 

Some versions of metabolism first schemes have drawn criticism in the literature.71,72 The schemes have assumed that a self-sustaining metabolic network must be autotrophic 73 that is, it must obtain its carbon supply entirely from carbon dioxide, rather than using carbon compounds made by abiotic processes (Sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.2). The assumption that chemicals in proposed reactions in the central metabolic cycle will be catalyzed by other compounds that participate in the cycle has also been questioned.74 Such features are attractive but not essential to the idea of life with small molecules. It has been argued that the objections can be met in principle by introducing a small number of assumptions 75... 

Hdgberg, M. N., Baath, E., Nordgren, A., Arnebrant, K. Hogberg, P. (2003). Field evidence of opposing effects of nitrogen availability on carbon supply to ectomycorrhizal fungi and decomposers in boreal forest. New Phytologist, 160, 225-38. 

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