Astringency removal

Velioglu, Y.S., Ekici, L., and Poyrazoglu, E.S., Phenohc composihon of European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) berries and astringency removal of its commercial juice. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 41, 1011-1015,2006. 

Eaks IL (1967) Ripening and astringency removal in persimmon fruits. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 91 868-875... 

The natural moisture of the cocoa bean combined with the heat of roasting cause many chemical reactions other than flavor changes. Some of these reactions remove unpleasant volatile acids and astringent compounds, partially break down sugars, modify tannins and other nonvolatile compounds with a reduction in bitterness, and convert proteins to amino acids that react with sugars to form flavor compounds, particularly pyrazines (4). To date, over 300 different compounds, many of them formed during roasting, have been identified in the chocolate flavor (5). 

Astringents are designed to dry the skin, denature skin proteins, and tighten or reduce the size of pore openings on the skin surface. These products can have antimicrobial effects and are frequendy buffered to lower the pH of skin. They are perfumed, hydro-alcohoHc solutions of weak acids, such as tannic acid or potassium alum, and various plant extracts, such as bitch leaf extract. The alcohol is not only a suitable solvent but also helps remove excess sebum and soil from the skin. After-shave lotions generally function as astringents. 

The roots are used as an astringent, resolving anodyne and antidotal. It is also used to heal abscesses, assuage postpartum pain, and remove parasites from the skin. The plant was mentioned by Schimmel in the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1889. Clinical observation and pharmacological investigation of the sedative and hypnotic effects of the Chinese drug rhizome and root of Patrinia scabiosaefolia are discussed by Luo (43). 

Even higher proline contents have been reported in salivary PRPs these can contain 40-45 mol% proline and also have a substantial amount of glutamine. This protein binds ingested polyphenols, which precipitates the PRPs and removes the lubrication these normally provide. The result is the sensation of astringency (Green, 1993 Haslam and Lilley, 1988). 

Uses Removal of granulation tissue warts prophylaxis in bums Action Caustic antiseptic astringent Dose Adults Peds. Apply to moist surface 2-3 x wk for several wk or until effect Caution [C, ] Contra Do not use on broken skin Disp Topical impregnated applicator sticks, soln ophth topical ointment SE May stain tissue black, usually resolves local irritation, methemoglobinemia EMS None OD Unlikely... 

In dentistry, when astringents and antiseptics are used to harden and dry tissues of the pulp and root canal so that the tissues are resistant to infection, they are termed as mummifying agents. It is used in certain dental procedures when it is not possible to completely remove the pulp and contents of root canal. For this, generally a combination of various mummifying agents are used in the form of paste or semi-liquid preparation like tannic acid glycerine. 

Fu Ling may remove dampness from the Middle-Jiao as the astringent Shan Yao may retain dampness. 

Since there are a number of astringent substances that may cause stagnation, Qian Cao Gen is used as corrective assistant. It can stop bleeding yet promote blood circulation. At the same time, it can also remove congealed blood. 

Dry white table wines differ from red table wines in characteristics other than color. They contain lower concentrations of the puckery and astringent tannins. They usually have a higher acid content which makes them somewhat lighter in body and fresher on the palate. Dry white wines also are usually simpler in their aroma in contrast to the complicated aroma and bouquet that can develop in a red table wine. While it is possible to make white table wines from red-skinned varieties, for the home winemaker this task is very difficult because it is almost impossible to remove all traces of the pigment-containing skins from the juice quickly enough to prevent some reddish or amber color from developing. 

Fining can be done at several points in the winemaking cycle in the juice, usually for phenolic removal in press juice after fermentation, to clarify the wine or to reduce protein (bentonite) and prior to bottling, for sensory reasons, to reduce astringency of young wines. 

After free draining, the pomace is removed and pressed. The press wine, which yields 30-45 gallons per ton, is dark red, high in tannin, and heavy bodied. This press wine generally is segregated from the free-run fraction and, after separate clarification to reduce the astringency caused by polyphenolic compounds, may be blended in with the main free-run volume. 

A problem common to many wineries in this area is an overabundance of new or almost new wood cooperage. It is often not possible to allow the wines to remain in wood to achieve the level of maturity desired by the winemaker. Rather, it is necessary to remove the wine prior to it becoming too astringent and having too predominant an oak aroma. In lieu of a long wood aging cycle, a number of wineries are bottle aging their wines for an extended period of time prior to release. 

The seeds are hot, tonic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, astringent to the bowels, cure leprosy, vata, vomiting, bronchitis, piles, remove bad taste from the mouth and are useful in heart disease (Ayurveda). In Unani medicine, the plants and seeds are considered to be suppurative, aperient, diuretic, emmenagogue and useful in dropsy and chronic cough. The leaves are useful in external and internal swelling, burns and prevent hair falling out (Kirtikar and Basu, 1984). 

Anti-acids, astringents and antiseptic agents may contain a variety of aluminium salts. Organic salts, alumina, the hydroxide and phosphates may be attacked with concentrated hydrochloric acid and diluted to bring the aluminium concentration into the range 10—50 pg ml"1. Alternative procedures for antacids using hydrochloric/nitric acid [67] and extraction with 4M hydrochloric acid [95] have been proposed. For silicates, the sample is best taken up in perchloric/hydrofluoric acid, evaporated to dryness to remove silica, and then the residue dissolved in warm hydrochloric acid [87], In each case the nitrous oxide/acetylene flame is the preferred atom cell, and the method of standard additions may be used to minimise any errors arising from lateral diffusion. 

Traditionally, the best gum was produced by hand-picking clear tears of gum. This grade is still available but the price reflects the cost of the hand-picking. As the gum is produced by removing the tears from the gum trees some gum is contaminated with pieces of bark. Because of this the gum can pick up colour and astringent tastes from the bark. Also, raw gum is often contaminated with desert sand. 

Capnitis, i.e., of the furnace, or volatile it is very like Spodion (orpine matter) or Pompholyx (arsenic). It is found in the mouths of furnaces, and there is little difference in its varieties they are materially the same. Capnitis, Cadmia, and Arsenic possess the same qualities, but they can be distinguished by the places where they are made. The species under notice is good for plasters, and all are hot and astringent, in the same way that pyrites is styptic, as Serapion affirms. It is their nature to heal open sores, to cleanse the unclean, to remove fleshy excrescences, to dry up superfluous humours of the body, to help in the formation of skin, etc. As these species of Cadmia are exceedingly hot and dry, they are operated on with fire and washed in special ways set forth by Dioscorides, so that they may be useful in plasters and other medicaments. Would that our own... 

As two of the contributory factors to acne are increased sebum production and P. acnes, one approach to treatment is to remove excess sebum from the skin and reduce the bacterial count. To this end, several products are formulated as astringent lotions and detergent-based washes containing antibacterial or antiseptic ingredients, and there are also some antimicrobial creams. 

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