ASTM environmental standards

The eco-certification rales were created with the cooperation of international organizations. In this section, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Organisation for Standardisation, ASTM Environmental Standards, Global Organic Textile Standard and NATURTEXTIL BEST are introduced. 

ASTM. 1994. Standard test method for purgeable organic compounds in water using headspace sampling. Section 11. Water and Environmental Technology. D 3871-84. 11.02 204-207. 

ASTM. 1988c. Standard test methods for radionuclides of radium in water - Method D 2460-70. 1988 annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 11.02 Water and Environmental Technology. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials, 660-662. 

In applications where possible degrading elements exist, candidate adhesives must be tested under simulated service conditions. Standard lap shear tests, such as ASTM D1002, which use a single rate of loading and a standard laboratory environment, do not yield optimal information on the service life of the joint. Important information such as the maximum load that the adhesive joint will withstand for extended periods and the degrading effects of various chemical environments are addressed by several test methods. Table 15.2 lists common ASTM environmental tests that are often reported in the literature. 

ASTM. 1992. Standard practice for evaluating mathematical models for the environmental fate of chemicals. ASTM 1996 Annual Book of Standards Vol. 11.05, E978-92. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 338-345. 

Kjaer UD, Nielsen PA (1991) In 1AQ 91 healthy buildings. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA,p 285 ASTM (1998) Standard guide for small-scale environmental determinations of organic emissions from indoor materials/products, D 5116-97. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA Mason MA, Howard EM, Guo Z, Bero M (1997) In Engineering solutions to indoor air quality problems. A WMA/EPA, Pittsburgh, PA, VlP-75, p 45... 

An effective conceptual site model is essential for the identification of risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives. The conceptual model should identify source areas complete, potentially complete, and incomplete exposure pathways and receptors. In addition, the conceptual model should identify contaminants, affected environmental media, and specific areas within the affected environmental media to be addressed by the selected remedial action. Although a conceptual model should be developed prior to initiation of the risk-based remedy selection process, the conceptual model should be updated as needed during the remedy selection process to reflect any changes in the understanding of the site. ASTM (2003), Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites, provides guidance for the development of an effective conceptual model. 

Risk-based remedial action objectives are used to identify remedial actions that will be protective of human health and the environment. These objectives should be developed using a risk-based framework that includes i) identification of contaminants, ii) affected environmental media, iii) complete exposure pathways and resource protection requirements, and iv) remedial action levels. Remedial action levels reflect the concentrations of contaminants in the source area below which no remedial action is required in order to protect human health and ecological resources. These remedial action levels may be established using ASTM (2002), Standard Guide for Risk Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites ASTM (2000), Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action or any similar risk-based framework. 

Url-7 http //www.astm.org/Standards/environmental-standards.htinl (date received 28.08.14.). Url-8 http //www.global-standard.org/ceitification.html (date received 28.08.14.). 

ASTM American Standard Test Method BS British Standard CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate DGEBA Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A DSC Differential scanning calorimetry ENR Epoxidized natural rubber EVA Ethylene-co-vinylacetate EPDM Ethylene propylene diene monomer ESC Environmental stress cracking HDT Heat deflection/distortion temperature HDPE High-density polyethylene HIPS High -impact polystyrene... 

The proposed evaluation scheme aims at a deeper comprehension of the environmental end of life of lower molecular weight molecules (intermediates) released during the biodegradation of plastics, and it can be considered as an additional tool to further assure the safety , that is already guaranteed by European standards such as EN 13432, EN14955 or French standard NF U 52-001, or Italian standards UNI 11462 and UNI 11495 or ASTM International standard ASTM D6400. 

ASTM D6002 Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostabiiity of Environmentally Degradable Plastics... 

ASTM International Standard D 1889-00 Standard Test Method for Turbidity of Water, Section 11 Water and Environmental Technology, Volume 11.01 Water. ASTM Stock Number SI 10106, 2006. 

ASTM, (1993) Standards on Environmentally Degradable Plastics, ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 03-420093-19. 

The exact composition and proportion of these additives in a certain type of fluid depends on the intended use. Hydraulic fluids are compounded to conform to performance-based standards such as Military or ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifications. Some examples of Military specifications are shown in Table 3-2. Many different formulations can be compounded to conform to one performance standard. It should be noted that the variability among these products or even within products with the same trade names may confuse efforts to determine environmental and health effects of hydraulic fluids at hazardous waste landfills since hydraulic fluids that are currently used may or may not contain the same components present in old products of the same name. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)119 has developed a standard protocol for evaluating environmental chemical-fate models, along with the definition of basic modeling terms, shown in Table 20.17. Predicting fate requires natural phenomena to be described mathematically. 

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