Assessing funding

Briatico-Vangosa, G. et al., Respiratory allergy hazard identification and risk assessment, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 145, 1994. 

The "Plant Life Assessment Network (PLAN) mentioned first is a network promoted by the Commission to coordinate research funded under the EU Programmes in the area of Plant Life Assessment. This network therefore acts as a coordinating forum for both projects and the other networks mentioned, and will be described in further details below. 

The "Plant Life Assessment Network" (PLAN), was started on the 1/12/1997, established around EU funded research projects working in the area of inspection, instrumentation, monitoring, structural mechanics and maintenance. 

One of the earliest NDT applications for laser-based profilometry systems was for the inspection of marine boiler tubes. Under funding from the U.S. Navy", several systems were developed that were capable of rapidly and accurately mapping the inside surface of 25 mm and 50 mm diameter boiler tubing. Features such as internal pitting and corrosion can be located and quantitatively assessed using computer-graphic analysis. The system employs an... 

Land purchases and many of the costs associated with faciUty development can be accompHshed with long-term loans of 15 to 30 years. Equipment such as pumps and tmcks are usually depreciated over a few years and are funded with shorter-term loans. Operating expenses for such items as feed, chemicals, fuel, utilities, salaries, taxes, and insurance may require periodic short-term loans to keep the business solvent. The projected income should be based on a reaUstic estimate of farmgate value of the product and an accurate assessment of anticipated production. Each business plan should project income and expenses projected over the term of all loans in order to demonstrate to the lending agency or venture capitaUst that there is a high probabiUty the investment will be repaid. 

Funding for developing commercial waste disposal faciUties is to come from the waste generators. In the case of spent fuel disposal, a Nuclear Waste Fund is accumulating based on an assessment of one mill per kilowatt-hour of electricity. For low level wastes, surcharges on waste disposal and direct assessments of utiUties have been imposed. 

An income statement or profit-and-loss account gives the net annual profit A vp before tax. In order to assess the annual cash income Ac, as a source of funds from the value of the net annual profit A vp given in the income statement, it is necessary to add back all noncash expenses such as the balance-sheet annual depreciation charge Abd-This practice sometimes erroneously suggests that depreciation is a source of funds, whereas cash income is the only source of funds. 

Coal from underground mines is assessed an excise tax of 1.10 per ton, and coal from surface mines is assessed a tax of 0.55 per ton, but in each case, a constraint is added that states that the tax cannot exceed 4.4 percent of the sales price. The receipts from these taxes are allocated to the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund. Monies from this trust fund are used to pay for health benefits to coal miners. 

Producers of electricity from nuclear power plants are assessed a fee of 0.1 cent per kilowatt-hour to pay for future storage of spent nuclear fuel at a federal facility. Receipts from this fee are allocated to the Nuclear Waste Trust Fund and arc appropriated by Congress to cover the costs of developing and constructing a permanent storage facility. 

Extensive testing was also carried out to assess future hazards for human habitation and residential use of the area. This testing was carried out in an extensive program funded by EPA In 1980-81 after remedial drainage construction work at the Canal was complete (O. All of the survey design and technical laboratory problems described above were encountered in this program. Despite extensive efforts to meet requirements for sample size and distribution, to provide for adequate control sampling away from the Canal area, and... 

To accomplish these tasks, CERCLA gave new cleanup authority to the federal government, created a 1.6 billion trust fund to pay for government cleanup, and imposed cleanup liability on those responsible. This Superfund consisted primarily of tax assessments on oil and designated chemicals. 

Many policies and practices have been adopted by European countries for the management of contaminated sites. Information about the various national polices, the technical approaches for risk assessment, and the progress of rehabilitation activities in Europe has been compiled in the framework of two European networks—CARACS (Concerted Action for Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites) and CLARINET (Contaminated Land Rehabilitation Network for Environmental Technologies)—which were funded by the European Commission. A detailed description of European national policies can be found in relevant publications2 3 and in the CLARINET website (http //www.clarinet.at). 

Funding for flood protection, early warning, risk assessment, building codes, settlement planning... 

This book includes the results of a Coordination Action funded by the European Union called RISKCYCLE (risk-based management of chemicals and products in a circular economy at a global scale). This project (n. 226552) started the 1st of September of 2009 and ended on the 31st of August 2012. Its main objective was to establish and coordinate a global network of European and international experts and stakeholders from worldwide countries (e.g., European countries, China, India, Brazil, Vietnam) to assess the risks of hazardous chemicals and additives contained in different daily products. 

The US Congress funded the Pesticide Data Program (PDP) in order to improve the accuracy of pesticide dietary risk assessments carried out by the US EPA. The USDA s Agricultural Marketing Service carries out the program. As recommended in the 1993 NAS/NRC report, the PDP focuses on the foods consumed most heavily by children and food is tested, to the extent possible, as eaten (Agricultural Market Service, 2004 National Research Council, 1987). For example, banana and orange samples are tested without the peel processed foods are tested as they come out of a can, jar or freezer bag. 

MODELKEY (http // www.modelkey.org/) was an EU-funded project (2005-2010) within the sixth framework programme (FP6-2005-global-4, Topic II 3.1) that aimed to deliver models for assessing and forecasting the impact of environmental key pollutants on freshwater, and marine ecosystems and biodiversity. The main objectives of MODELKEY were ... 

ISO has two important functions in analytical chemistry. The first is to publish descriptions of accepted methods. These are effectively industry standard methods for particular protocols. The second is in laboratory accreditation. For a laboratory to be ISO accredited, compliance with international QA standards must be confirmed by an initial assessment and subsequently from repeated audits by an independent assessor. Since ISO has no legal or regulatory powers, the standards are voluntary. It is unlikely, however, that a forensic analysis which did not conform to an ISO standard would be upheld in court, for example. Most commercial laboratories need to be accredited to remain competitive and to deal with regulatory authorities. Most university labs are not accredited, mainly due to the time and costs involved, and also to the nonroutine nature of much university research. However, university accreditation may become a requirement in the near future, especially for publicly funded research in the UK. The details of laboratory accreditation are discussed by Christie et al. (1999) and Dobb (2004). 

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