Artery, structure

Rizzoni, D., Ported, E., Piccoli, A., et al. 1998. Effects of losartan and enalapril on small artery structure in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 32 305-310. 

Roberts, J., Roberts, C., Jones, R., Zapol, W., and Bloch, K. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial structural changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ. Res. 76, 215-222. 

Elastin, a stmctural protein with mbber-like elastic properties. It is the main component of the elastic yellow connective tissue occurring, e.g., in the lungs and aorta. The amount of elastin is rather low in the inelastic white connective tissue of tendons. Elastin consists of 850-870 aa with a high content of Gly (27%), Ala (23%), Val (17%), and Pro (12%). It forms a three-dimensional network of fibers crosslinked by desmosine, lysinonor-leucine, and isodesmosine. It has been reported that elastin has an unanticipated regulatory function during arterial development, controlling the proliferation of smooth muscle and stabilizing arterial structure [L. Robert, W. Hornebeck (Eds.), Elastin and Elastases, Volume 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, EL, 1989 D. R. Eyre et al, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1984, 53, 717 D. Y. Li et al., Nature 1998, 393, 276]. 

Fig. 16.6. a Selective angiography of right inter-costobronchial trunk, early phase, b Selective angiography of right intercostobronchial trunk, late phase demonstrating thin arterial structure, with course parallel to vertebral column anterior spinal artery (arrowheads)... 

Gupta B S, Textile physics of vascular grafts compliauce mismatch , in New Technologies in Vascular Biomaterials Connecting Biomateriab to Arterial Structures, Chakfe and Durand (eds),ESVB 2009, Europrot, Strasbourg, 23-46, 2009. 

The effect of the gadolinium in this case supports the assumption that volume expansion of the epidural space was the more likely culprit than an action of the local anesthetic itself. The authors speculated that the injection may have compressed venous and arterial structures supplying the spinal cord, which might have caused autonomic dysreflexia, resulting in massive secretion of adrenaline and hypertensive crises. Hypertensive encephalopathy, which typically... 

Figure 12.13 A) Deflated balloon catheter inserted into an artery narrowed by plaque. The inset image shows a cross-section of the artery with the inserted balloon catheter. B) The balloon is inflated, compressing the plaque against the artery wall. D) Widened artery with the stent holding the artery structure. The inset image shows a cross-section of the widened artery and compressed plaque.

FNH has been subgrouped in the solid type and telangiectatic type. The differentiation has no clinical impact, but the latter type usually occur in the multiple FNH syndrome. This syndrome is present if at least two FNH lesions and one or more other type of lesion are present (including hepatic hemangioma, arterial structural defects, central nervous system vascular malformation, SNC tumors) (IWP 1995). 

This type of sound-generation mechanism was described earliest by Drzewiecki et al (1989) where the Korotkoff sounds of blood pressure determination were modeled by a computational fluid dynamic model. In this model, the brachial artery was represented by a similar free wall artery structure that was found to be an efficient sound-generating process. 

FIGURE 5.38 Pictorial presentation of the microscopic structure of the liver. The picture shows the classical liver lobulus. The functional acinus and its three zones are at the left. The acinal zones are marked by numbering them 1-3. These zones correspond to the direction of blood flow from the portal arteries (PA) to the terminal veins (TV). Zone I corresponds to the periportal area in classical liver pathology, zone 2, the interlobular region (midzone), and zone 3, centrelobular region. ... 

A number of rare genetic diseases involve collagen abnormalities, including Marfan s syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, which result in hyperextensible joints and skin. The formation of atheroselerotie plaques, which cause arterial blockages in advanced stages, is due in part to the abnormal formation of collagenous structures in blood vessels. 

HDL and VLDL are assembled primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver (with smaller amounts produced in the intestine), whereas chylomicrons form in the intestine. LDL is not synthesized directly, but is made from VLDL. LDL appears to be the major circulatory complex for cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The primary task of chylomicrons is to transport triacylglycerols. Despite all this, it is extremely important to note that each of these lipoprotein classes contains some of each type of lipid. The relative amounts of HDL and LDL are important in the disposition of cholesterol in the body and in the development of arterial plaques (Figure 25.36). The structures of the various... 

Vessel identity represents one of the major differentiation processes during blood vessel formation. Arteries and veins are structurally and functionally... 

Resilin has a remarkably high fatigue lifetime (probably >500 million cycles) and our aim is to reproduce this desirable mechanical property in synthetic materials derived from our studies of resilin structure and function. We believe that recombinant resilin-like materials may be used, in the future, in the medical device field as components of prosthetic implants, including spinal disks and synthetic arteries. Spinal disks, for example, must survive for at least 100 million cycles of contraction and relaxation [30]. 

The first elastomeric protein is elastin, this structural protein is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix, which provides stmctural integrity to the tissues and organs of the body. This highly crosslinked and therefore insoluble protein is the essential element of elastic fibers, which induce elasticity to tissue of lung, skin, and arteries. In these fibers, elastin forms the internal core, which is interspersed with microfibrils [1,2]. Not only this biopolymer but also its precursor material, tropoelastin, have inspired materials scientists for many years. The most interesting characteristic of the precursor is its ability to self-assemble under physiological conditions, thereby demonstrating a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. This specific property has led to the development of a new class of synthetic polypeptides that mimic elastin in its composition and are therefore also known as elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). 

Cardioembolism Cardioembolism accounts for approximately 30% of all stroke and 25-30% of strokes in the young (age <45 years)." AF accounts for a large proportion of these strokes (15-25%). Symptoms may be suggestive, but they are not diagnostic. Repetitive, stereotyped, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are unusual in embolic stroke. The classic presentation for cardioembolism is the sudden onset of maximal symptoms. The size of the embolic material determines, in part, the course of the embolic material. Small emboli can cause retinal ischemic or lacunar symptoms. Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts, in particular, are often due to cardiac embolism. This predilection is not completely consistent across the various cardiac structural abnormalities that predispose to stroke, and may be due to patterns of blood flow associated with specific cardiac pathologies. 

A complete or global tissue distribution model consists of individual tissue compartments connected by the blood circulation. In any global model, individual tissues may be blood flow-limited, membrane-limited, or more complicated structures. The venous and arterial blood circulations can be connected in a number of ways depending on whether separate venous and arterial blood compartments are used or whether right and left heart compartments are separated. The two most common methods are illustrated in Figure 3 for blood flow-limited tissue compartments. The associated mass balance equations for Figure 3A are... 

The adenohypophysis does not have a direct anatomical connection with the hypothalamus therefore, regulation of hormone secretion by way of neuronal signals is not possible. Instead, these two structures are associated by a specialized circulatory system and the secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis is regulated by hormonal signals from the hypothalamus (see Figure 10.2). Systemic arterial blood is directed first to the hypothalamus. The exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid of the hypothalamus takes place at the primary capillary plexus. The blood then flows to the adenohypophysis through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. Portal veins are blood vessels that connect two capillary beds. The second capillary bed in this system is the secondary capillary plexus located in the adenohypophysis. 

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