Pelouze reaction

Pelletizing, in pyrometallurgy, 16 140 Pelouze reaction, 17 227 Peltier effect, 21 555 24 428 Pelton wheel turbine, 26 85 Pemanent Red 2B, Strontium Salt, pigment for plastics, 7 366t PEM fuel cell (PEMFC), 12 202-203 PEN, 10 222. See also Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN) Penaeid shrimp, aquacultural chemical needs, 3 209... 

Nitriles may be prepared by several methods (1). The first nitrile to be prepared was propionitrile, which was obtained in 1834 by distilling barium ethyl sulfate with potassium cyanide. This is a general preparation of nitriles from sulfonate salts and is referred to as the Pelouze reaction (2). Although not commonly practiced today, dehydration of amides has been widely used to produce nitriles and was the first commercial synthesis of a nitrile. The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide to produce nitriles (eq. 1) also is a general reaction with wide applicability ... 

Perhaps the earliest example of a nucleophilic displacement reaction for the synthesis of aliphatic nitriles was the Pelouze reaction... 

By far the most important oxidation of the hexitols is their specific biochemical transformation to ketoses. The history of this reaction dates from the fortuitous discovery of L-sorbose in mountain ash berries by Pelouze in 1852. It was not until twenty years later that Boussin-gault showed that it had arisen by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. 

Similar proposals have been made to treat the enormous quantities of calcium chloride obtained as a by-product in many industries either to obtain chlorine (q.v.) or hydrogen chloride. J. T. Pelouze 14 showed that when calcium chloride is mixed with sand to prevent fusion, it is readily decomposed by steam at a red heat with the copious evolution of hydrogen chloride, and the reaction was the basis of the E. Solvay patents in which the calcium chloride was mixed with sand or clay. W. Bramley mixed the calcium chloride with iron ore before heating it in a stream of air for chlorine, or with-steam for hydrogen chloride. W. H. Seamon proposed to treat molten calcium chloride with acetylene to produce calcium carbide and hydrogen chloride. 

About 1865, E. Kopp, and P. W. Hofmann tried to revive the oxysulphide theory, but J. Pelouze refuted their arguments and after a long study of the reactions, J. Kolb confirmed A. Scheurer-Kestner s work, but concluded that in the main reaction the calcium carbonate loses its carbon dioxide by the action of the carbon dioxide in the fire gases. A. Scheurer-Kestner then showed that in this last conclusion J. Kolb is in error, because black ash can be made in crucibles without any assistance from the fire gases that the decomposition of the calcium carbonate, even in the presence of coal, requires a higher temp, than the reduction of the sodium sulphide and that black asb is obtained by directly heating sodium sulphide with calcium carbonate. 

Bitter Almond Oil. The crude oil, which served as the material for our experiments possesses a faint yellow color, the well known peculiar odor and proved itself in ail its reactions, and other relations to be a decidedly pure product. We are indebted for it to the kindness of Mr. Pelouze. 

Lactide was first synthesized by Pelouze in 1845 [7] by selfesterification of lactic acid to obtained a prepolymer and heating of the prepolymer to produce distillate crystals. Gruter and Pohl improved the process in 1914 [8]. The procedure was first polycondensation of lactic acid at 120-135°C with the aid of air flow to remove the water. Next, lactide was distilled off under vacuum at 200°C in the presence of zinc oxide. Tin (Il)-based catalysts are the most common used catalysts in the modern industry. Since the prepolymer degradation is an equilibrium reaction, lactide must be extracted from the system in order to shift the reaction... 

Gustave Charles Bonaventure Chancel (Loriol (Drome), 18 January 1822-Montpellier, 5 August 1890), a pupil of the ficole Centrale, worked with Pelouze and in 1846, as an assistant at the ficole des Mines, was in relations with Laurent and Gerhardt. He followed Gerhardt as professor in Montpellier in 1851 (he had replaced him as supply from 1848) and in 1879 became Rector of Montpellier University. ChanceP prepared benzophenone (discovered by Mitscherlich, see p. 331) by heating calcium benzoate, and represented the reaction as ... 

Pelouze observed the influence of water on a number of chemical reactions, e.g. acids do not decompose carbonates in absolute alcohol. P. A. von Bons-dorff found that air free from moisture and carbon dioxide does not tarnish clean potassium, arsenic, bismuth and other metals, and Regnault that dry ethylene and chlorine do not combine in diffuse daylight. E. A. Parnell found that dry hydrogen sulphide does not act on lead, mercury, and copper salts when these are dry or are moistened with absolute alcohol. He supposed that water promotes the reaction by combining with the acid of the salt. His remark that the presence of water is a force of considerable power, and one whose action has not been hitherto recognised , overlooks previous observations. 

Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis Parham Cyclization Passerini Reaction Patemo-Biichi Reaction Pauson-Khand Reaction Payne Rearrangement Pechmann Condensation Pechmann Pyrazole Synthesis Pellizzari Reaction Pelouze Synthesis Periodic Acid Oxidation Perkin Alicyclic Synthesis Perkin Reaction Perkin Rearrangement Perkow Reaction Peterson Reaction... 

A contemporary, Henri Braconnot, produced Xyloidine in 1833 by the reaction of nitric acid and starch and another contemporary, Theophile Jules Pelouze produced "Pyroxyline" by the reaction of nitric acid and paper in 1838. Subsequently, in 1836, Christian Fredrich Schonbein obtained a higher degree of substitution in cellulose by using a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid. Schonbein obtained patents in England and USA for his "Nitrocellulose" which he called "gun cotton". 

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