Applications wood preservatives

R3SnX R3SnX, R2SnX2, RSnX3 Agricultural applications, wood preservation Burial of waste materials containing organotins... 

Other miscellaneous uses for the isoparaffin solvents, dearomatized paraffinic solvents, normal paraffinic fluids, and aromatic blends include pesticide formulation applications, wood preservatives, fat and oil extractions, cosmetic and notion formulations, paper coatings, and textile coatings and printing. Inks, paints varnishes, and lacquers are among the largest uses of the hydrocarbon solvents. 

The rapid rise in the industrial (catalyst in PVC and foam production), agricultural (fungicides and acaricides), and biological applications (wood, stone, and glass preservatives) of organotin(IV) compounds during the last few decades has led to their accumulation in the environment and, consequently, in biological systems. 

Recently, there has been much interest in developing water-soluble tributyltin biocides to lessen the costs of application, and to prevent fire hazards when treating material in confined spaces. Bis(tributyltin) oxide itself has a very low aqueous solubility ( 0.001%), but it may be made water-dispersible by the addition of certain (534, 535) quaternary ammonium salts. Formulations of this type, although currently under development as wood preservatives (534), have been used extensively in the United Kingdom for the treatment of stonework to eradicate fungal growths, algae, mosses, and lichens (535). 

PCP is commonly used as a wood preservative having both antifungal and insecticide properties. It has also been used in a range of areas for antifungal, antibacterial, general herbicide, and slime prevention in both industrial and consumer applications. Chronic exposure to PCP has effects on the liver, kidneys, and immune system. PCP also has the potential to cause reproductive problems and has been listed as a probable carcinogen. 

PCP has a negative effect on a number of aquatic life forms. Since 1987 PCP has been banned for herbicide and consumer uses, though it continues to be used for industrial applications, most notably as a wood preservative. Since 1992 the maximum contaminant level for drinking water has been set at 1 ppb. 

Heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr Application of animal manure (D) Military facilities (P) Gasoline stations (P) Sawmills and wood preservation sites (P) Mining and metallurgical industry (P,D) 37.3 [21, 42]... 

TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP), in order of abundance. Minor amounts of other trichlorophenols and dichlorophenols may also be present, as well as recalcitrant polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPPs) and PCDD/Fs as impurities [75, 76]. In Finland, approximately 30,000 tons of CP products were used between 1934 and 1988, when they were banned because of their potential toxicity to humans and the environment [77, 78]. The careless manufacturing and application of wood preservatives together with the lack of suitable waste disposal caused massive contamination of river sediments and sawmill sites. For example, the river Kymijoki in southern Finland was identified as the largest source of dioxins accumulating in fish in the entire Baltic area. Similar products were used in other European countries, especially Nordic countries with a large forestry industry, such as Sweden [79]. 

Based on the Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration at the Domtar Wood Preserving Facility in Trenton, Ontario, Canada, the vendor estimated the costs associated with a full-scale application of the technology... 

Among the industries where the technology is applicable are petroleum sites, pulp and paper manufacturing, and wood preserving. The technology can potentially be used at coal gasification plants. 

The technology can treat organic contaminants such as pesticides, fuels, creosote, and pen-tachlorophenol. The technology has treated coal tars, refinery wastes, hydrocarbons, and wood preserving wastes in full-scale applications. 

As with other specialty chemicals, which can impair human health and therefore need extensive and expensive testing prior to commercialization, R D in biocides is concentrating on formulations and applications, rather than on new chemical entities. NCEs are developed for substitution of old products with environmental hazards, such as the copper/arsenic compounds used in timber and wood preservation. 

Diketene also is widely employed as a natural and synthetic fiber cross-linking agent, wood preservative and paper-sizing agent. Both it and /3-propiolactone have wide application as chemical intermediates. The synthetic applications of diketene for the synthesis of aromatic, heterocyclic and aliphatic compounds is exceptionally extensive (74ACR265). 

In the United States creosote specification AWPA PI /89 is intended for the treatment of timber for land and fresh-water use, and the heavier grade AWPA P13/89 for the preservation of marine piling and timber. In the United Kingdom a British Standard Specification, BS. 144/90, Part 1, specifies three grades of creosote two for pressure impregnation and one for brushing application. The standards of the West European Institute for Wood Preservation (WEI) are often used in Europe. 

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