Applications special batteries

Applications of polyphosphazenes as flame retardants, electrolytes for special batteries, and biomaterials have been described. Some cyclophosphazene derivatives can serve as hosts for small molecule Clathration. ... 

Regrettably, in September of 1996, new special waste regulations took effect with respect to used Ni-Cd batteries. As a result, all of the participating retail outlets, as well as consolidation points, had to be licensed hazardous waste storage facilities and pay all associated fees. Considerable expenditures of time, money and effort, were incurred by program managers to ensure that all of the applicable special waste regulations were followed. 

Two types of aluminium/air batteries are being developed oriented toward different applications alkaline batteries for electric vehicles, due to favourable specific energy, and saline batteries for special applications, such as, emergency lighting, reserve power, marine objects and so on. 

Specialized applications of batteries cover military and space technology and some scientific instruments. Examples of such battery-powered devices are satellites, space probes, rockets, bathyscaphes and other submersible craft, electrically driven torpe-dos, meteorological balloons, and so forth. Specialized batteries may be divided into two subdivisions power sources for short-term loads (typically for a single discharge) and those for long-term low-drain discharge. 

Solid-state systems of particular interest in this book are conductive polymers with the ability to occlude dopants entering the bulk of the polymer sample, thus conferring on it its special electrical properties. Some of these properties are a consequence of the mobility of the dopant ions in the host polymer material, and these properties are responsible for such technological applications as battery electrodes,ion gates, and electrochromic devices, which depend on a field-induced oxidation of the polymer specified by its doping level. Various diffraction methods and tunnelling electron microscopy reveal that these... 

In this entry are discussed a few of the specialized batteries for medical devices that are portable or wearable (carried with the patient, like hearing aids), or implantable (surgically placed inside the body as with neurostimulation pain management devices). There is a focus on the batteries designed for a few of the more common applications - implantable cardiac rhythm management (cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators), pain management, and hearing loss devices. 

Despite considerable efforts of countless engaged engineers we are far from market acceptance for electric road vehicles. The technical state of the art is not sufficient. The expectations for possible development work on batteries surely had a level which was too high. Therefore we have to put an eye toward other special applications where battery-powered propulsion fulfills the demands. Progress in traction battery development showed advantages for other kinds of applications. One should not forget that our normal batteries have changed in the last decades in many details. New batteries will need many new parts to enable their employment or to improve their usefulness. 

Silver-zinc batteries have found wide use on numerous space applications, including launch-vehicle guidance and control, telemetry, and destruct power Apollo lunar spacecraft, lunar and Mars rovers, and lunar drill power space shuttle payload launch and get-away special batteries as well as power for the life-support equipment used by the U.S. astronauts during Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVA). Figure 33.23 shows a typical aerospace battery consisting of ten 145-Ah silver-zinc cells housed in a cast magnesium case, equipped with a pressure relief valve, a pressurizing valve, and a battery connector. 

Viper XP Thermal imager for firefighting applications, special wide-field (75 deg) viewing with rotating display, features uncooled 320 x 240 element micro-bolometric FPA detector for 8-14 pm operation, battery powered, monochrome display, with color isotherms. 

The Special M range is for areas of application with battery bridging periods between 30 min and several hours. 

Type BY-301 This 3000 A h, 1.25 V cell in a hard rab-ber case is designed for the operation of navigational signal aids, both visible and audible. The size and shape of the battery will permit it to replace lead storage cells now widely used in this application. Special disposable battery racks are currently available for buoys with 559 or 610 nun battery pockets. These racks are furnished completed with the proper number of BY Carbonaires and the entire unit is prewired at the factory. 

Mention may also be made of an application in which careful control of polymer morphology has led to the production of novel materials. By treatment of solutions of high-density polyethylene, products are obtained with a celluloselike morphology and which are known as, fibrides or synthetic wood pulp. They are used for finishing paper and special boards to impart such features as sealability and improved wet strength. They are also reported to be used for such diverse applications as tile adhesives, thixotropic agents, battery separators and teabags ... 

Regarding the specific energy, i.e., the electric energy per mass, a major distinction can be made between today s aqueous and nonaqueous battery systems [15]. Apart from batteries for some special applications, there are... 

Although electric vehicles are only a special application for traction batteries, the general interest in them may justify their own separate section. 

Special applications are often governed by different priorities as already discussed in relation to golf carts, the low water loss and the delay in antimony poisoning in heavy-duty service of a forklift are of eminent importance, with the result that rubber separators remain the preferred product there. Submarine batteries offer a different... 

For alkaline storage batteries requirements are often demanded exceeding by far those for lead storage batteries. The reason is that the suitable materials for the positive electrode are very expensive (silver oxide, nickel hydroxide) and thus the use of these storage batteries is only justified where requirements as to weight, number of cycles, or temperature range prohibit other solutions. Besides a few standardized versions — mainly for nickel-cadmium batteries — this has led to the existence of a large diversity of constructions for special applications [4-6, 108, 109],... 

While during the NATO-CARWC, the session on metal-air batteries featured other important contributions, it is, perhaps, by coincidence that only presenters from the former Eastern Block submitted their papers for this volume. In this regard, the editors wish to note, that papers below may be of special interest to the western reader, as they offer a rather unique insight into the science and application of the metal-air battery systems from the... 

---