Monochrome displays

The logging computer with monochrome display carries out the following tasks concurrently ... 

Monochrome AMPLED flat-panel displays have been made with performance parameters attractive for battery-powered portable applications. The AM backpanel was made of polysilicon material with integrated column and row drivers. Table 1.1 shows a data sheet for a 4" diagonal monochrome display with 960 x 240 pixels [173]. The resolution in horizontal direction was 300 ppi (85pm pitch size), while the resultion in vertical direction was 100 ppi (255 pm pitch size). With 100% pixels turned on at 200 cd/m2, the entire AMPLED panel (including pixel drivers) only consumed eletric power less than 500 mW (with 100% pixels on), which was... 

This set-up allows a pixel to be addressed at each intersection of a row and a column. This works line for nematic LCs in modest sized displays, i.e. up to 120 000 pixels, but beyond this size there is an increase in switching times and cross-talk between adjacent pixel elements leading to a loss in contrast. This problem can be overcome by using STN LCs, which are materials where the hehcal twist is increased to between 180° and 270°. These super twist LCs give a much sharper image than the 90° materials. This system is ideal for monochrome displays but even with these materials the response times start to get very slow with the several million pixels that are required for high contrast, full-colour displays. 

While there are markets for monochrome displays, that for colour displays is much larger. This has driven the development of polymers emitting in the blue, green and red (Kraft et al., 1998, and Shim and Jin, 2002). Figure 10.15 illustrates the colours required for a full colour display plotted on a CIE diagram, together with some examples of polymer diodes that emit close to... 

Fig. 10.17. Philips incorporated a monochrome display in a shaver that came on to the market in September 2002, Fig. 10.18. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors introduced evaluation kits for a 128 by 64 pixel monochrome Pictiva OLED display in 2003, Fig. 10.19. Larger colour, video rate displays for use in portable systems are under development, Fig. 10.18. Polymer emissive displays appear to be well placed to make a considerable impact on the display market.

Fig. 10.19 Pictiva polymer OLED displays developed by OSRAM Opto Semiconductors. Main picture a batch of 128 by 64 pixel monochrome displays. Insert an operating display. Reproduced with permission of OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Inc.

The 1902 composite/RGB display will probably sell for under 400. The least expensive route, though, is to use a television for 40 columns and a monochrome (black and white) monitor for 80 columns. Commodore will sell a special cable to connect the RGB port to a monochrome monitor. The cable can be used with Commodore s inexpensive 1901 monochrome display and with other monochrome monitors. 

The first video technology for PCs was monochrome (from the Latin mono, meaning one, and chroma, meaning color). This black-and-white video (actually, they were green-and-white or amber-and-black) was just fine for the main operating system of the day, DOS. DOS didn t have any need for color. Thus, the video adapter was very basic. The first adapter, developed by IBM, was known as the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA). It could display text, but not graphics, and used a resolution of 720 X 350 pixels. 

Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) 720x350 Mono (text only)... 

For monochrome displays, backlights, and indicators, the Alq+PM system described in the previous section, or its equivalent, would be very suitable. High efficiencies are attainable with this material system and the free-space emission range is centered near 545 nm, which coincides with the maximum sensitivity of... 

For monochrome displays, a uniform film of the semiconducting polymer (as sketched in Fig. 4.16) can be spin-cast from solution. For full-color displays, both active matrix and passively addressed, individual red, green and blue pixels must be patterned and individually addressed. 

We have already addressed CRT s for television, including color, black white and color projection systems. Color display CRTs are used primarily as computer monitors. Here, the same rare earth phosphors are used as for color TV. Monochrome displays refers to CRT monitors where only one color screen is used for special purposes, as described in the last chapter. The following is a repeat of 6.6.6. given in the last chapter ... 

Apart from color displays, monochrome displays are in use for several purposes. In general, monochrome displays offer higher resolution for an equivalent price. 

Color vs. monochrome—Most cell phones have monochrome displays (16 grrys), but a few are b inning to appear that have color. Cell phones with color screens need more memory and tend to be mote spensive. 

This approach is well suited to monochrome displays, and triplet sub-pixelation can be used to generate a palette of apparent colors as used in current RGB schemes. An improved design allows the use of three layers of cyan, magenta, and yellow oil dyes that can each be displaced to provide a broad range of colors without requiring any sub-pixelation. 

Detail is seen in an image because of brightness differences between small adjacent areas in a monochrome display or because of brightness, hue, or saturation differences in a color display. Visibility of detail in a picture is important because it determines the extent to which small or distant objects of a scene are visible, and because of its relationship to the sharpness appearance of the edges of objects. 

Another application of electrowetting control of droplet shapes is within a pixel of a flat panel display. As described by researchers from Liquavista, a VC-backed spin-out company from Philips, electrowetting can be used to spread water over a pixel to displace colored oil into a corner of the pixel [4]. With an array of pixels of this t) e, a flat panel video display can be generated as shown in Fig. 2. This approach is well-suited to monochrome displays and triplet sub-pixelation can be used to gener-... 

In the case of dichroic (especially monochrome) displays, the contrast ratio is sometimes measured at A ,ax which shows the maximum capability of the dye but does not correspond to the photopic response. The contrast ratios calculated using the radio-metric equipment (or in arbitrary units of radiance) also differ from those evaluated using photometric equipment. Bloom and Priestly [94] therefore defined the perceived contrast ratio (PCR) ... 

For monochrome applications, one can either put a monochrome color filter inside the cell or use monochromatic back-lighting. For Heilmeier displays, there is another way to get a monochrome display by using monochromatic pleochroic dyes [26]. For full-color display, color filters must be used. Heilmeier displays exhibit better color performance than TN displays, as the chroma-ticity of the pixels does not change much at large viewing angles. 

Figure 89. All-polymer FLC prototype presented by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., in 1995. This reflective monochrome display is 0.5 mm thick, has a 1 400 multiplex ratio, and a size of 20 cmx32 cm (400 x 640 pixels each 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm), corresponding to a diagonal of 15 in (37.5 cm).

As indicated above, the first Canon prototype from 1988 had a 0 giving a hemispherical viewing angle, which was a complete novelty at that time. However, the contrast (-7 1) was only good enough for a monochrome display. Moreover, the Cl structure could not be made sufficiently stable at low temperatures. To solve this problem the team decided not to abandon C1... 

AXSYS Cadet 75 Thermal imager for security and surveillance lightweight (3.5 lbs), features uncooled 320 x 240 element microbo-lometric FPA detector for 8-14 pm operation, battery powered, monochrome display, optional visible charmel. 

Japan Synthetic Rubber Corporation (JSR) was established for the domestic production of synthetic rubber in 1957, but entered the diversified businesses that utilize rubber raw materials fi-om around 1969. The first step was the development of a photosensitive material for semiconductors, and in search of new business, the LCD applications began to surface. Then the discussion started if it could be that new materials need to be synthesized for digital clocks, for example. LCDs at the time were TN-type monochrome displays, in which the alignment layer had to be heated to a high baking temperature of over 300 °C in order to transform the wholly aromatic polyamic acid precursor into polyimide. 

The initial PC hardware was quite modest XT-dass PCs wtth 640 kilobytes of memory, a 20-megabyte hard d k, a.Hercules-type monochrome display, and one or two serial ports. In the end, however. the project was uslrtg 80386SX-das5 PCs runnirig at 33 MHz, 2 megal es of memory, a L20-in dbyte IDE-type hard disk, color VGA displays, and two serial ports. 

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