Applications of LIBS

One of the most salient features of LIBS is that the multi-dimensional information it provides can be used to determine depth profiles and lateral distributions, as well as for 

An in-depth study was conducted on screen-printed electrodes using wide, exhaustive sampling, which was required owing to the complexity of the sample (see the sampling 

The pattern recognition techniques used for in-depth characterization of screen-printed electrodes (viz. PCA and CA) have also been employed for multi-elemental imaging in laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (MCl-LlBS) [157]. 

Interface analysis is one field of special interest for LIBS. The analytical aim is usually the description of a sample or zone thereof where an abrupt change in the identity or concentration of its components occurs. The suitability of LIBS for this type of application lies in the ability to associate spectral data to the spatial coordinates of the sample. 

The capabilities of LIBS for determinative applications are also well-documented. Notwithstanding its shortcomings, the LIBS technique can be made a fast tool — whether 

There are significant advantages to LIBS when compared with other atomic emission techniqnes discussed earlier and XRF techniqnes, discussed in Chapter 8. LIBS is capable of detecting all 

LIBS is used in industry, biomedical applications, analysis of materials in hazardous environments, such as inside nuclear reactors, analysis of materials underwater, and for the ranote detection of hazardous materials, including explosives. Samples may be solids, liquids, gases, slurries, sludges, and other mixtures. Applications for LIBS (courtesy of Applied Photonics Ltd.) include the following  

Remote detection and elemental analysis of hazardons materials, inclnding radioactive, high-temperature, and chemically toxic substances. 

In situ compositional analysis of steel components in difficult-to-access environments, such as nuclear reactor pressure vessels. 

Rapid identification of metals, alloys, and plastics during scrap recycling. LIBS can he used to identify pieces moving at high speed on a conveyor helt. 

---

Special determinative applications of LIBS involving liquid and gaseous samples... 

Some human skin sensitizing activity of lib (IPPD) has been reported for many years. Although this activity does not limit the commercial application of lib at all, safer derivatives, like the respective 1,3-dimethylbutyl analogue 11c have been preferred and have been delivered by all principal producers. Moreover, new environmentally safer technologies were introduced for PD production [312],... 

An important application of LIBS is the analysis of samples from a steel converter during the melting process [1502]. A small sample is taken from the liquid steel, rapidly cooled and then inspected by LIBS in order to get information on the relative concentrations of the different components in the steel. The whole process takes only a few minutes and therefore the composition of the liquid steel can be corrected before the molten metal solidifies. 

LIBS has been also successfully applied to the analysis of geochemical samples [1485]. The most accurate information can be obtained for the relative concentrations of different elements in a sample. This is important, for example, for the classification of minerals on earth or in meteroites when it is not clear whether two different samples come from the same source. Also for archeological samples the precise knowledge of elemental composition is very helpful for the exact dating and assignment. The applications of LIBS has benefitted from the use of fiber optics which allows remote sensing, where the laser and detection systems are far away... 

The LIBS technique has found application in several different areas. Metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and pharmaceuticals have been analyzed by LIBS. In addition to solid samples, gaseous and liquid samples can be used. In fact, the first applications of LIBS were for the remote analyses of hazardous gases in industrial environments. Various process liquids, biological solutions, aqueous environmental solutions. and pharmaceutical preparations have also been analyzed. 

Tucker et al demonstrated the applicability of LIBS to bulk elemental analysis of igneous rock powders. The LIBS spectra were modelled using PLS to predict major element compositions. Multiple calibration sets relevant to different rock types were preferred over a single all-encompassing calibration set. Baseline removal and transforming spectral data by their first derivative did not improve predictions and may even have negative effects. These results are directly applicable to spectra that will be acquired by the ChemCam experiment on Mars Science Laboratory, but also to terrestrial LIBS applications. 

Other applications of LIBS are the identification and quantification of fillers in polymeric materials [144,145]. Hakkanen et al. [146] applied LIBS to measure the coating coverage, coating weight distribution, and three-dimensional distribution of elements in paper coatings. The experimental results were used to evaluate the quality of the paper coatings. LIBS fails in detecting deviations in hydrocar-... 

Industrial applications of LIBS have been described [149]. Some of the newest applications of LIBS are likely to be active topics of investigation for years to come. 

Early applications of LiB H4 were commonly in the carbohydrate field, where it was used to selectively reduce aldonic lactones to give [l- H]aldoses. An example of such a reaction is the conversion of227to228 the reaction requires pyridine as solvent, in order to minimize further reaction to the corresponding [l- H2]alditol. 

All active therapeutic devices intended to administer or exchange energy are in Class lla unless their characteristics are such that they may administer or exchange energy to or from the human body in a potentially hazardous way, taking account of the nature, the density and site of application of the energy, in which case they are in Class lib. 

As an example of the application of joint micro-LIBS and micro-Raman analysis on actual samples, results are reported on the study of a small fragment (less than 1 mm2) of the S.Antonio Abate , a wooden painted artwork decorating the Arciconfratemita della Misericordia in Siena, attributed to the Renaissance Italian artist Domenico di Pace, also known as II Beccafumi (Montaperti 1486 - Siena 1551). The sample, whose dimensions were relatively small (less than 1 mm2), was given by Opificio delle Pietre Dure di Firenze (OPD) to the Department of Chemistry of Pisa University, where it was going to be analysed for the presence of lakes in the... 

Twenty-seven two-year-old scaleless hens were transported to Visalia, CA on October 1, 1979, housed in cages overnight with food and water provided ad lib, and exposed to field applications of DEF on October 2. Some birds were repeatedly treated over the next five days. The mature cotton fields (Diversified Farming Inc.) were sprayed from a ground vehicle that treated 8 rows simultaneously with DEF-6 (0.72 kg/l, 6 lb/gal Mobay Chemical Co.) at 0.37 gal/acre and Accelerate (amine salt of endothall (7-oxabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 0.06 kg/l, 0.5 lbs/gal) at 0.19 gal/acre in 25 gal water/acre. 

Complexes of type Me2SnX2-L (L is a para-substituted carbonyl compound) were also assigned a lib structure on the basis of similar IR data. The application of IR and UV techniques to solutions of the complexes in... 

The transient interval of time between the application of the field and saturation (Fig. 11a) lasts for less than 1.0 ps, and in this period the rise transient oscillates deeply (Fig. 11b). The oscillation of the racemic mixture is significantly deeper than that in the / enantiomer. The experimental study of transients such as these, then, migllt be a conv ent method of measuring the dynamical effect of chiral discrimination in the liquid state. Deep transient oscillations such as these have been foreseen theoretically by Coffey and coworkers using the theory of Brownian motion. The equivalent fall transients (Fig. 11b) are much loiter lived than the rise transients and are not oscillatory. They decay more quickly than the equilibrium acfs. The effect of chiral discrimination in Fig. lib is evident. Note that the system... 

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) features various assets and shortcomings worth considering in adopting it as the technique of choice for specific applications. The most salient advantages of LIBS for spectrochemical analysis are as follows ... 

---