Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry

Martin et al. [102] reported a study in which LIBS was applied for the first time to wood-based materials where preservatives containing metals had to be determined. They applied PLS-1 block and PLS-2 block (because of the interdependence of the analytes) to multiplicative scattered-corrected data (a data pretreatment option of most use when diffuse radiation is employed to obtain spectra). They authors studied the loadings of a PCA decomposition to identify the main chemical features that grouped samples. Unfortunately, they did not extend the study to the PLS factors. However, they analysed the regression coefficients to determine the most important variables for some predictive models. 

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Sneddon, J. (1998), Laser induced breakdown spectrometry, Chem. Educ. 3(6), S1430-S4171(98). 06260-8. 

J. Amador-Hernandez, L. E. Garcia-Ayuso, J. M. Fernandez-Romero and M. D. Luque de Castro, Partial least squares regression for problem solving in precious metal analysis by laser induced breakdown spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15, 2000, 587-593. 

A. Jurado-Lopez and M. D. Luque de Castro, Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in jewellery industry. Part II, quantitative characterisation of goldfilled interface, Talanta, 59, 2003, 409-415. 

The pattern recognition techniques used for in-depth characterization of screen-printed electrodes (viz. PCA and CA) have also been employed for multi-elemental imaging in laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (MCl-LlBS) [157]. 

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry was used for the analysis of gaseous samples containing elements such as F, Cl, S, P, As and Hg in air, and hydrides of column 111 and V elements (e.g. B,H, PH,) [184-189]. The aim was to measure trace amounts of analytes in hostile environments and gas impurities for hydride work. Mercury was detected at the parts-per-billion level in air using a photodiode array detector that recorded single-shot spectra over a range of 20 nm [186]. Cremers el al. [189] reported limits of detection of 8 and 38 pg/ml for chlorine and fluorine, respectively, the source of both... 

The main factor in beam analysis that affects the reliability of the analytical information is the reproducibility of the surfaces. When using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the apparati are connected to the computer, which makes it possible to obtain quite a bit of information about the sample, especially by X-ray and AES. However, the apparati cannot assure the same length for beam penetration on the surface, which means that the analytical information can be uncertain. Because the beam analysis is rapid, it requires very fast detectors, e.g., Ge/Li or Si/Li. The LA can be successfully used in surface analysis. An automated system has been constructed, laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS).213 This is an alternative to other surface techniques — secondary ion mas spectroscopy (SIMS), SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) — and it increases the lateral and depth resolution. 

Lee, W.-B., Wu, J., Lee, Y. L, and Sneddon, J. "Recent Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry A Review of Material Approaches." Applied Spectroscy Reviews 39 (2004) 27-97. 

A more suitable approach for on-line analysis is to view atomic emission directly from the small plasma formed above the sample surface when the sample is ablated using the laser. This approach, which is shown schematically in Fig. 20.12 has been applied to analyses of a variety of materials (e.g. [58-74]) and is known under a variety of names such as laser induced plasma spectrometry (LIPS), laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) and laser spark emission spectrometry (LASS). The laser used is typically a Nd YAG laser operating either at its fundamental, doubled or quadrupled frequency, although excimer and CO2 lasers have also been used. The important parameter of the laser is that it must be capable... 

The second approach named laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) is based on atomic emission spectroscopy. In this method, a laser is focused on a solid sample and forms a microplasma that emits light characteristics of the elemental composition of the sample. The emitted light is collected, spectrally resolved, and detected to monitor concentrations of elements via their unique spectral signatures. When calibrated, the method can also provide quantitative measurements. 

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry enables simultaneous analysis of various elements in a short time. The obtained sensitivity for sulfur is not, however, as good as with the ICP techniques. For example, a detection limit of 45 pg per g for sulfur in steel has been obtained using this technique. 

LIBS Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (analytical device)... 

Radziemski L, Loree T, Cremes D, Hoffman N (1983) Time resolved laser induced breakdown spectrometry of aerosols. Anal Chem 55 1246—1253 Reiche I, Vignand C, Champagnon B et al (2001) From mastodon ivory to gemstone The origin of turquoise color in odontolite. Am Miner 86 1519—1524... 

L.J. Radziemski, T.R. Loree, D.A. Cremers, N.M. Hoffman Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of aerosols. Anal. Chem. 55, 1246 (1983) J.A. Millard, R.H. Dalling, L.J. Radziemski Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry for the rapid determination of beryllium in beryllium-copper alloys. Appl. Spectr. 40, 491 (1986)... 

L.J. Radziemski, T.R. Loree, D.A. Cremers, N.M. Hoffman Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectrometry, of aerosols. Anal. Chem. 55, 1246 (1983)... 

Frequently, laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) requires multivariate regression to solve complex problems. The first paper that was found dates back to 2000 and was related to jewellery studies. Amador-Hernandez et al. showed that PLS models were highly satisfactory for measuring Au and Ag in Au-Ag-Cu alloys. This study was further completed by Jurado-Lopez and Luque de Castro, who compared the hybridized LIBS-PLS technique with analytical scanning microscopy, ICP-OES, FAAS and LIBS. Although the... 

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