Application of safety factors

However, assessment of the health risk to the population involves more than routine application of safety factors, and it must be emphasized that strict-... 

Application of safety factors following the relevant codes. 

The CPI would benefit from the application of human factors principles to improve safety, quality, and productivity. These arise from applying quality management to get at the underlying causc-.s of errors rather than after-the-fact blame or punishment. Crosby (1984) advocates error cause... 

The major benefits that arise from the application of human factors principles to process operations are improved safety and reduced down time. In addition, the elimination of error has substantial potential benefits for both quality and productivity. There is now a considerable interest in applying quality management approaches in the CPI. Many of the major quality experts em-... 

This book was written by Dr. David Embrey of Human Reliability Associates, with the assistance of the CCPS Human Reliability Subcommittee. Section 8.2, Managing Human Error by Design, which deals with the application of human factors principles in the process safety management system, was written by the Human Reliability Subcommittee. 

Traditional definitions of safety factors in terms of strength requirements, such as load-resistance factors or allowable stresses, are not applicable in blast resistant design. Safety factors arc more appropriately measured in terms of strain energy demand versus strain energy absorption capacity, Allowable deformations arc a practical method to quantify energy absorption capacity. 

Once the required flow rate is determined, apply a suitable factor of safety. The value of this factor of safety can vary from a low of 5 percent of the required flow to a high of 50 percent or more, depending on the application. Typical safety factors are in the 10 percent range. With flow rates up to 1000 gal/min, and in the selection of process pumps, it is common practice to round off a computed required flow rate to the next highest round-number capacity. Thus, with a required flow rate of 450 gal/min and a 10 percent safety factor, the flow of450 + 0.10(450) = 495 gal/min would be rounded off to 500 gal/min before selecting the pump. A pump of 500 gal/min, or larger, capacity would be selected. 

In the industrial field, the accidents situation depends on a wide variety of causes (i.e. diversification and complexity in production processes and technologies, human factors, organizational aspects, no application of safety procedures) that are often very difficult to indentify and to analyze. This is the reason why today aproactive approach to safety problems becomes a key factor. The Risk Assessment approach is aheady known and consohdated but the problem that is not yet solved is related to the indicators used in order to identify the risk priority. Usually these indicators are based on evaluator s experience and expertise, and not necessary deriving from statistical analysis. It depends on the fact that work injuries data are often not usable to characterize a specific risk category by a statistical approach it s a fact mainly due to the amount and typology of the available data and, consequently, to the lack of relationships between injuries and root causes. 

Detailed recommendations on the application of human factors principles in design are given in specific IAEA Safety Guides Some key issues are summarized in the present section. 

Safety is assured in CANDU 6 through a defence in depth approach that builds on diversity and redundancy, and which takes advantage of the unique CANDU pressure tube reactor concept. Passive systems are used whenever they are shown to be reliable and economic these systems are complimented by engineered systems. The consistent application of human factors principles, and detailed attention to all aspects of plant design also contributed to CANDU 6 safety. 

The relative difficulties associated with the specification, implementation, validation and verification of human safety requirements, compared with safety requirements for hardware and software, should not be underestimated and this paper has not addressed many of these difficulties in detail. However, this paper has outlined a high-level approach for a focused and integrated application of Human Factors analyses for the specification and realisation of human subsystem safety requirements. 

There is meaning in this book. It is a technical book about safety management and human factors. And yet one would have missed its entire message if it were to be just technical. The book has to be wrung and squeezed to discern the meaning from all its authors. It is to drill deep, as in mining for a concatenation of old and new clues that outlines the practical applications of safety management and human factors this time, in rail, medical, aviation and road modalities. 

ABSTRACT The workload of air traffic controllers plays a crucial role in the safety and efficiency of air traffic as it is the prime factor to determine airspace capacity. Workload is the result of traffic complexity which can be described by different sets of parameters. In order to find a small, yet reliable set of complexity parameters that describe controller workload in the Hungarian Air Traffic Control system, a study with multiple steps was conducted and the results are presented in this paper. Information on the most important complexity factors was aquired from experts through interviews and questionnaires and as a result, different sets of parameters were created. To validate the method for gathering information as well as the applicability of complexity factors for airspace capacity estimation, a neural network based model was used. The results indicate that even smaller sets of parameters can be helpful in estimating workload. 

The solution as presented in Figure 6.4 can be improved by including a factor of safety, hi addition to the factor of safety we wUl change the t/R ratio. The factor of safety will be incorporated for aU three load constraints should really be applied as well on the buckling mode in Equation 6.37. Buckling is very sensitive to imperfections in geometry and a factor of safety must be included. Eor all three load constraints, the application of the factor of safety will be to shift the i, g2, and g curves upward relative to R. Specifically, let us consider the new conditions = 2 and 0.0025 < t/R. 

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