Apiaceae species

Meepagala KM, Sturtz G, Wedge DE, Schrader KK, Duke SO, Phytotoxic and antifungal compounds from two Apiaceae species, Lomatium californicum and Ligusticum hultenii, rich sources of Z-ligustilide and apiol, respectively, / Chem... 

In Apiaceae species, considerable compositional changes occur during the development of the seeds, which may have in uence on the quality of the drug. 

The traditional system of medicine of the Pacific Rim uses approx 80 species of Apiaceae, for instance, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Hydrocotyle asiatica L. centella, Indian Pharmaceutical Codex, 1955). The plant has been used in India since early times for skin diseases and as a diuretic. It has long been a popular remedy in India for leprosy and syphilis. However, large doses are said to have narcotic action. The plant was used also by the surgeons of Napoleon s army. 

Flavone synthase (FNS EC 1.14.11.22) introduces a double bond between C2 and C3 of a flavanone to produce the corresponding flavone. This activity was initially identified in parsley cell suspension cultures and subsequently shown to be encoded by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase [67, 78, 79], This enzyme, now known as FNS-I, appears to have very limited distribution. To date, it has only been identified in the Apiaceae family (Umbellifers). The more widely occurring FNS-II (CYP93B) was initially identified from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers [80] and was subsequently shown to be a P450 enzyme. FNS-I, FNS-II, and the various roles flavones play in plant species have recently been reviewed by Martens and Mithofer [81], Subsequent to this review, Yu et al. [82] demonstrated that the characteristic lack of natural accumulation of flavones in Brassicaceae could not be overcome in A. thaliana even by overexpression of recombinant parsley FNS-I. 

Among many others, well-known families rich in essential oil bearing species are Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae, Zingiberaceae and Zy-gophyllaceae [1-4, 8-11, 39]. 

Coumarin 162 (Structure 4.49) is a naturally occurring lactone in crystal form found in hay and tonka beans. It is one of the most used fragrance materials and is responsible for spicy green notes. Dihydrocoumarine 163 is also present in various essential oils with a characteristic sweet herbal odour. Umbellif-erone 164, scopoletin 165, bergaptene 166 and coumarin are found in Rutaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae oils. Nepetalactones 167 are confined to the oils of Nepeta species [1,3, 21-23, 63]. 

Plant species of the family Apiaceae are known to accumulate flavonoids, mainly in the form of flavones and flavonols (Fig. 21.2). Kreuzaler and Hahlbrock (1973) isolated 24 different flavonoid glycosides from illuminated cell suspension cultures of parsley [P. hortense). The chemical structures of 14 of these compounds were further... 

The majority of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (family Papilionidae) exclusively utilize plants of the family Rutaceae as hosts, with a few species exploiting limited plant species of the families Apiaceae or Lauraceae. The North American black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, a specialist on members of carrot family (Apiaceae), has already been shown to lay eggs in response to a mixture of two chemotactile stimulants, luteolin 7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-/3-D-glucoside and trawr-chlorogenic acid, identified from one of its major host plants, Daucus carota (wild carrot). Further study revealed that the oviposition response by the butterfly to another host plant, Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip), was evoked by a combination of tyramine (1), trans-chlorogenic acid, and a neutral fraction from the plant.4... 

Apart from A. annua, qinghaosu (1) was detected in only one other Artemisia species Artemisia apiacea But the abundance was too low (0.08%) to justify an isolation on a technical scale. 

Coumarins and furanocoumarins, which serve as potent defence compounds in the Apiaceae and Rutaceae, occur in a few, mostly unrelated, species. Only in the genus Psoralea do they have a wide distribution. An-thraquinones, which are potent Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors and strong purgatives, occur widely in the genus Cassia (Senna), but otherwise only occasionally in Andira and Abrus. 

The Umbelliferae or Apiaceae is one of the best known families of flowering plants, because of its characteristic inflorescences, fruits and the distinctive chemistry reflected in the odor, flavor and even toxicity of many of its members. The Umbelliferae seems to be the first flowering plant family to be recognized as such by botanists in around the 16th century, although only the temperate Old World species were known by then. It was also the first group of plants to be the subject of a systematic study published by Robert Morison in 1672 [15]. 

Dandelions Taraxacum officinale, Asteraceae), a well known weed from temperate to tropical climates (Holm et al., 1997), is one of several alien species that have colonized the high Andes from Venezuela to Chile, especially in areas under anthropogenic disturbance. A recent study investigated the association of dandelions introduced from Europe with the cushion plant Azorella monantha (Apiaceae) between 3100 and 3300 asl with reference to survival facilitation of dandelion seedlings, their effect on native species growing on the invaded cushions, and photosynthetic performance (Cavieres et al., 2005). 

Arroyo, M. T. K., Cavieres, L. A., Penaloza, A., Arroyo-Kalin, M. A. 2003. Positive associations between the cushion plant Azorella monantha (Apiaceae) and alpine plant species in the Chilean Patagonian Andes. Plant Ecol. 169 121-129. 

Synonyms Cicuta maculata, Apiaceae (carrot) family, Cicuta species Cowbane Snakeweed Wild carrot Poison parsnip Spotted hemlock Masquash root Beaver poison False parsley Fever root Wild parsnip... 

The other important pest of caraway is Depressaria daucella Denis et Schiffermiiller (1775). The symptoms are appeared as the umbels spun into the balls, bitten flower peduncles and seeds (in May), later the holes covered by the arachnoid cap in the stems are present. Depressaria is spread from the host plants - Carum carvi L., Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare Mill., Petroselinum hortense L., Daucus carota L., Anethum graveolens L. and the other species from Apiaceae family. 

Source Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), a species of at least 12 subspecies, within D. carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Archang, the root vegetable carrot, is even the source of commercial carrot seed oil [43[. 

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