Antirrhinum majus

SMARTWEED Pofygonum lapathifoUum) SNAPDRAGON Antirrhinum majus L.) SORGHUM Sorghum vulgare Pers.)... 

Flavone synthase (FNS EC 1.14.11.22) introduces a double bond between C2 and C3 of a flavanone to produce the corresponding flavone. This activity was initially identified in parsley cell suspension cultures and subsequently shown to be encoded by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase [67, 78, 79], This enzyme, now known as FNS-I, appears to have very limited distribution. To date, it has only been identified in the Apiaceae family (Umbellifers). The more widely occurring FNS-II (CYP93B) was initially identified from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers [80] and was subsequently shown to be a P450 enzyme. FNS-I, FNS-II, and the various roles flavones play in plant species have recently been reviewed by Martens and Mithofer [81], Subsequent to this review, Yu et al. [82] demonstrated that the characteristic lack of natural accumulation of flavones in Brassicaceae could not be overcome in A. thaliana even by overexpression of recombinant parsley FNS-I. 

Stotz G, Forkmann G (1981) Oxidation of flavanones to flavones with flower extracts of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). Z Naturforsch 36C 737-741... 

Martin, C. et al.. Molecular analysis of instability in flower pigmentation of Antirrhinum majus, following isolation of the pallida locus by transposon tagging. EMBO J., 4, 1625, 1985. 

Schwinn, K.E. et al.. Expression of an Antirrhinum majus UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-0-glucosyltransferase transgene alters flavonoid glycosylation and acylation in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Grise.). Plant ScL, 125, 53, 1997. 

Whilst many alkaloids contain the pyridine ring system, the combination of two pyridine rings as exemplified in the naphthyridines is rather uncommon in nature. The alkaloid jasminine (436), a 2,7-naphthyridine derivative, has been isolated from Jasminium species (68AJC1321) whilst 4-methyl-2,6-naphthyridine (437) occurs in the aerial parts of Antirrhinum majus and aronticus (71P2849). 

Jorgensen, E.C. and Geissman, T.A. 1955. The chemistry of flower pigmentation in Antirrhinum majus color genotypes. 111. Relative anthocyanin and aurone concentrations. Biochem. Biophys. 55 389-402. 

Maize mutants with altered flavonoid metabolism can also be identified based on variation in color, either of the seeds, the vegetative parts of the plant, or the floral structures (anthers and silks). Petunia (Petunia hybrida) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) have also been widely used as model species for the elucidation of flavonoid biosynthesis (reviewed by Winkel-Shirley, 2001). In the description of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis presented in this section, the emphasis will be on maize and Arabidopsis. 

Glover BJ, Martin C. 1998. The role of petal cell shape and pigmentation in pollination success in Antirrhinum majus. Heredity 80 778-784. 

Martin C, Prescott A, Mackay S, Bartlett J, Yrijlandt E. 1991. Control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Plant J 1 37-49. 

Staiger, D., Kaulen, H. Schell, J. (1989). A CACGTG motif of the Antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase promoter is recognized by an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 86, 6930-4. 

MURFITT, L. M., KOLOSOVA, N., MANN, C. J., DUDAREVA, N Purification and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-methionine Benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of the volatile ester methyl benzoate in flowers of Antirrhinum majus., Arch Biochem. Biophys., 2000, 382,145-151. 

WRIGHT, G. A., SKINNER, B. D., SMITH, B. H., Ability of honeybee, Apis mellifera, to detect and discriminate odors of varieties of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus)., J. Chem. Ecol., 2002,28, 721-740. 

Arum maculatum (Araceae) Potentilla atrosanguinea (Rosaceae), Litchi chinensis (litchi) (Sapindaceae), Antirrhinum majus (Scrophulariaceae)... 

One mole 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (14) might react with 3 mol acetic acids to yield a precursor chalcone (57) and then flavonoids (58) (Fig. 11) [25,26]. The proposed biosynthesis of flavonoids was confirmed in a Antirrhinum majus... 

Bromheadia finlaysoniana CHS Ulium hybrid cv. Acapulco CHS Chrysosplenium americanum CHS ntis vinifera CHS Antirrhinum majus CHS Scutellaria baicatensis CHS Ipomoea nil CHS 0 Petunia hybrida CHS 0 Medicago sativa CHS2 Glycine max CHS Humulus lupulus CHS Hydrangea macrophylla CHS Camellia sinensis CHS Hypericum androsaemum CHS Sorbus aucuparia CHS Rubus idaeus CHS PInus sylvestris... 

Lindeniamine (61) was isolated following ammonia treatment of the leaves of Antirrhinum majus (59). The formation of 61 from the co-occurring lindenialine (60) was viewed as taking place through an oxidative dimerization process (Scheme 52) (59). 

THOLL, D., KISH, C.M., ORLOVA, 1., SHERMAN, D., GERSHENZON, J., PICHERSKY, E., DUDAREVA, N., Formation of monoterpenes in Antirrhinum majus and Clarkia breweri flowers involves heterodimeric geranyl diphosphate synthases., Plant Cell, 2004,16, 977-992. 

GOODWIN, S.M., KOLOSOVA, N., KISH, C.M., WOOD, K.V., DUDAREVA, N., JENKS, M.A., Cuticle characteristics and volatile emissions of petals in Antirrhinum majus. Physiol. Plant, 2003,117,435-443. 

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