Petroselinum hortense

Parsley (Parsley Flakes). The dried leaves of Petroselinum hortense syn. P. crispum (Mill) (UmbeUiferae), are from a hardy biennial, native to the Mediterranean region and now cultivated commercially in the United States and southern Europe. The aroma is green and the flavor is pleasant, characteristic, and nuld. Parsley is used for the seasoning of fish, meats, soups, salads, etc. Parsley seed, the dried ripe fmit of the parsley herb, has an aroma and flavor less pronounced than the leaves. 

KREUZALER, F., HAHLBROCK, K., Enzymic synthesis of an aromatic ring from acetate units partial purification and some properties of flavanone synthase from cell-suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense, Eur. J. Biochem., 1975, 56, 205-213. 

SCHUZ, R., HELLER, W., HAHLBROCK, K., Substrate specificity of chalcone synthase from Petroselinum hortense formation of phloroglucinol derivatives from aliphatic substrates, J. Biol. Chern., 1983,258, 6730-6734. 

Kreuzaler, F. et al., UV-induction of chalcone synthase mRNA in cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Scl USA, 80, 2591, 1983. 

Kreuzaler, F. and Hahlbrock, K. (1973) Flavonoid glycosides from illuminated cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense. Phytochemistry 12(5), 1 149-1152. 

Madjarova, D.J. and Bubarova, M.C. (1 978) New forms obtained by hybridization of Apium graveolens and Petroselinum hortense. Acta Horticulturae 73, 65-72. 

Apiole (parsley) (= 4,7- Petroselinum hortense (seed, parsley oil) OD-R (parsley)... 

Petroselinum hortense PANILAIGTA Medicago sativa Arabidopsis thaliana Allium cepa Solanum lycopersicum Nicotiana tabacum Physcomitrella patens P seudomonas flucre sc. Streptcmyces griseus Prcchlcrcccccus marinus.LT.RGM... Synechcccccus sp. ALTLHG. 

Petroselinum hortense Medicago sativa Arabidopsis thaliana Allium cepa Solanum lycopersicum... 

The other important pest of caraway is Depressaria daucella Denis et Schiffermiiller (1775). The symptoms are appeared as the umbels spun into the balls, bitten flower peduncles and seeds (in May), later the holes covered by the arachnoid cap in the stems are present. Depressaria is spread from the host plants - Carum carvi L., Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare Mill., Petroselinum hortense L., Daucus carota L., Anethum graveolens L. and the other species from Apiaceae family. 

Oil of Parsley. Parsley seed oil. Volatile oil from parsley seeds Petroselinum hortenSe, Hoffm. (P. sativum Hoffm., Carum petroselinum Benth. Hook.), Umbeliiferae. Constit. Chiefly apiot terpene, f-pinene< ). 

M. Potts, E. Wellmann, Coordinated induction and subsequent activity changes of two groups of metabolically interrelated enzymes. Light-induced synthesis of flavonoid glycosides in cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense, Eur. 

Matern, U., C. Reichenbach, and W. Heller, Efficient uptake of flavonoids into parsley Petroselinum hortense) vacuoles requires acylated glycosides, Planta, 167, 183-189 (1986). 

Many aspects of the biosynthesis of flavonoids have been elucidated, but major progress in sorting out certain reaction steps and the enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis was not possible before tissue and cell culture of suitable plants were developed (Hutchinson, 1986). The use of flowers as sources of enzymes has provided the means for producing " C-labeled substrates (Heller and Forkmann, 1988). Cell cultures of Petroselinum hortense (parsley, Apiaceae) contain both flavone and flavonol glycosides most of the approximately 13 enzymes that catalyze the formation of flavonoid glycosides have been isolated and studied. Light... 

The branched-chain sugar, apiose (31), was first isolated from Petroselinum hortense (parsley, Apiaceae) about 1900. A similar sugar, hamamelose (32), was later isolated from... 

The beginning of secondary product formation is often directly coupled with the synthesis of the corresponding enzymes. One example is the biosynthesis of flavonoids in cell cultures of Petroselinum hortense (Fig. 7). Here the regulatory mechanisms were extensively investigated with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (D 22.2.1) and chalcone synthase (D 22.3.3), the key enzymes of the biosynthetic chain. Experiments with inhibitors of transcription and translation showed that the increase of enzyme activity depends on RNA and protein biosynthesis. Labeling experiments demonstrated that it is caused by an accelerated rate of enzyme synthesis. 

Fig. 7. Time course of light-induced flavonoid accumulation and activities of enzymes of fla-vonoid biosynthesis in cell cultures of Petroselinum hortense...

The reasons for the decrease of PAL-mRNA biosynthesis in cell cultures of Petroselinum hortense are unknown. Probably product repression is involved. With seedlings of Cucumis sativus in which an increase and subsequent decrease of PAL activity was detected after illumination (as in the cell cultures), it has been shown that... 

In the plant itself, however, another pattern of control is established. In cotyledons and leaves of Petroselinum hortense seedlings the regulatory behavior of PAL and several group II enzymes... 

The flavane ring system is formed by the polyfunctional protein chalcone synthase from one molecule of a cinnamoyl CoA ester and 3 molecules malonyl CoA. The enzyme isolated from parsley (Petroselinum hortense) reacts with p-coumaroyl CoA and caffeoyl CoA as starter molecules (A 3.1). It uses the CoA esters as immediate substrates for the condensation reaction and contains neither an acyl carrier domain nor pantetheine. 

The cause of the typical smell of fresh parsley Petroselinum hortense) is p-mentha-l,3,8-triene (Figure 8.9). As in other vegetables of the Apiaceae family, important substances of root parsley and leaf parsley are phthalides. The main phthalides are sedanenolide, (E)-Hgustilide and butylphthahde, while (Z)- and (E)-butyhdene-phthahde, (Z)-ligustilide, (Z)-sedanolide and 3-butyl-5,6-dihydrophthalide are present in smaller amounts. Other important components of leaf parsley are linalool, P-dtroneUol, methyl... 

R. SchUz, W. Heller, and K. Hahlbrock, Substrate specificity of chal-cone synthase from Petroselinum hortense, J. Biol. Chem. 258 6730 (1983). 

Egin-Buhler B, Ebel J. Improved purification and further characterization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum hortense). Eur J Biochem 1983 133 335-339. 

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