Aphid monitoring

All these data support the idea that QA may function as chemical defense compounds. We also tested whether this chemical defense is relevant for the survival of a lupin plant. Lupins offer a unique chance to explore this question experimentally plant breeders have selected "sweet" varieties, which have a very low alkaloid content. These varieties can be compared to semi-bitter or bitter ones. We have grown Lupinus albus strains that differ in their alkaloid content in our experimental garden and greenhouse and have monitored their susceptibility to attack by plant pests. As can be seen from Figure 2, "sweet" lupins are preferentially eaten by rabbits (Cuniculus europaeus) or are infested by aphids (Aphidae) or leaf miners (Agromyzidae). Literature data also support the assumption that alkaloid-rich lupins are much more resistant to plant pests than "sweet" varieties (30-32). We conclude therefore, that QA are indeed important for the fitness of a lupin plant and that they constitute a major part of its chemical defense system, in which... 

Pests are controlled by actively encouraging, releasing and monitoring beneficial insects and organisms. The Fetzers plant plum trees all around the vineyards to attract the tiny parasitic wasp Anagrus that feeds on leafhoppers. Companion plants such as mustard, crimson clover and sunflowers are planted in rows alternating with permanent covers in the other rows across the entire vineyard to attract other beneficial insects. And ladybirds are introduced to feed on aphids. 

Harrewijn, P. and Kayser, H., Pymetrozine, a fast-acting and selective inhibitor of aphid feeding. In-situ studies with electronic monitoring of feeding behaviour, Pestic. Sci., 49,130,1997. 

Protection Offered Water traps are useful for monitoring winged aphids and cabbage root flies in the home garden. 

Set out the traps anywhere in the garden. Be sure the trap is exposed enough that insects will see it and be able to fly into it. Put the trap on a box or stand if plants are growing densely. Monitor this type of trap carefully to make sure you are not catching beneficial parasitic wasps in the water. If you find parasitic wasps, stop using the traps. The wasps are probably providing sufficient aphid control. 

Compound 23 also interfered with the settling behavior of the aphid M. persicae an efficient plant virus transmitter. Choice assays showed that this compound had antifeedant potencies slightly lower than the positive control famesol (table 7). Furthermore, the electronic monitorization of the aphid s probing behavior (EPG) showed that 23 reduced the number of intracellular penetrations (table 8) [34], This is an important parameter when considering the transmission of non-persistent plant viruses by this insect [35],... 

At station OZZ 3, only one mass death was discovered, on May 25. The pesticides found (dimethoate and omethoate) and the pollen present on the bees bodies (above all Papaver, other wild species and ornamental species like Magnolia, Pinus, and Gleditsia) suggest that the bees gathered the honeydew secreted by aphids in the wheat fields around the monitoring station, especially in proximity to homes with gardens (Table 11.5 and Figure 11.7). 

A series of acetate-derived compounds have been reported from plants of the family Annonaceae (Annona cherimolia, A. muricata, A. squamosa, and oth r Annona species Asim-ina triloba, pawpaw Goniothalamus giganteus , and several Rollinia and Uvaria species) (Fig. 5.20) (Alkofahi et al., 1989 Lieb et al., 1990 Nahrstedt, 1985 Rupprecht et al., 1986). Most of these compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and antitumor activity (Bories et al., 1991). For example, asimicin (36), from the bark of Asimina triloba, is extremely cytotoxic (ED50 <10 p-/ml with several cell cultures) fractionation of the plant material was monitored by the brine shrimp bioassay (Alkofahi et al., 1989). This compound also is toxic to the striped cucumber beetle, Mexican bean beetle, mosquito larvae, blowfly larvae, melon aphid, two spotted spider mite, and the free-living nematode, Caenorabditis elegans (Rupprecht et al., 1986). 

Pea weevil may cause the characteristie U shaped notches around the edges of the leaves but the main damage is as a result of the larvae feeding on the root nodules. A monitoring system is available to predict the need for sprays. Pea aphids if present in large numbers may result in a severe reduction in yield. A predictive model is available and an approved pyrethroid should be apphed when 15% or more of plants are affected. 

A range of concentrations of the chemicals isolated above in 75% acetone-water were applied to the dorsum of apterous (wingless) adult aphids. One ul of the each of the concentrations was placed on the backs of 60 adults on TI 1112 leaves in individual petri dishes. After 24 hours, survival and nymphal production were monitored. 

Water panels and yellow or differently coloured pans attract many flying insects and, if filled with detergent or a mix of water and preservative fluids, trap individuals attracted by the colour directly inside the pan. They are sometimes used in combination with flight interception traps. Yellow water pan traps are used in applied entomology for monitoring aphids (e.g. in Mexico Pena Martinez and Bujanos,... 

Pena Martinez, R. and Bujanos, R. (1990). Monitoring aphids in Mexico. Aphid-plant interactions. Columbus, OH Ohio State University. 

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