Antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection

Andrade AS, McGruder HF, Wu AW, Celano SA, Skolasky RL, Seines OA, Huang IC, McArthur JC (2005) A programmable prompting device improves adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected subjects with memory impairment. Clin Infect Dis 41 875-882. 

Rodriguez-Rosado R, Jimenez-Nacher I, Soriano V, Anton P, Gonzalez-Lahoz J (1998) Virological failure and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients [letter]. AIDS 12 1112-1113. 

Toma E, Therrien R. Gynecomastia during indinavir antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. AIDS I998 I2(6) 68I-2. 

MacDonald L, Kazanjian P. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infection an update. Formulary 1996 31 780-804. 

Lee FJ, Amin J, Bloch M, Pett SL, Marriott D, Carr A. Skeletal muscle toxicity associated with raltegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013 62(5) 525-33. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Report of the NIH panel to define principles of therapy of HIV infection and guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 47(RR-5), 1-82. 

WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available from URL http //www.who.int/hiv/ pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf WHO. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children towards universal access. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Available... 

Carpenter CC, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998 updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 1998 280 78-86. 

Ostrowski SR, Katzenstein TL, Piironen T, Gerstoft J, Pedersen BK, Ullum H. Soluble urokinase receptor levels in plasma during 5 years of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004 35(4) 337-342. 

In a 24-week open, single-arm trial, 108 antiretroviral therapy-naive, HIV-infected prisoners were given a combination tablet of lamivudine -I- zidovudine (150 mg/300 mg) and a tablet of abacavir 300 mg bd (2). The plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration remained at 400 copies/ml or less in 85% of the patients and at less than 50 copies/ml in 75%. Nausea was the most common adverse effect (n = 40). Four patients withdrew prematurely because of one or more of the following abdominal discomfort and pain abdominal distension neutropenia malaise or fatigue nausea and vomiting. Two patients had a suspected hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir and were withdrawn. 

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) - an angiogenic-inflammatory neoplasm - is the most prevalent cancer in HIV-infected patients and its appearance is preceded by infection with human Heipesvitus-8 (HHV-8). Although chemotherapy has become the treatment of choice approved by the FDA, there are also good response rates in patients treated with IFN-a. Fortunately, today highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically decreased the incidence of KS in AIDS patients. 

MacGowan DJ, Scelsa SN et al (2001) An ALS-like syndrome with new HIV infection and complete response to antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 57(6) 1094-1097 Mahadevan A, Gayathri N et al (2001) Vasculitic neuropathy in HIV infection a clinicopathologi-cal study. Neurol India 49(3) 277-283... 

Martin C, Solders G et al (2000) Antiretroviral therapy may improve sensory function in HIV-infected patients a pilot study. Neurology 54(11) 2120-2127 Masjuan J, Corral I et al (1997) Mycobacterial acute lumbosacral polyradiculopathy as the initial manifestation of AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 15(2) 175 McArthur JC, Yiannoutsos C et al (2000) A phase II trial of nerve growth factor for sensory neuropathy associated with HIV infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Team 291. Neurology 54(5) 1080-1088... 

Since oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis are signs of immunocompromise, the immune status of the patient should be considered in the therapeutic care plan. For HIV-infected patients, this should also include an evaluation of the patient s antiretroviral therapy since fungal infections may represent deterioration in immune status. 

ART, antiretroviral therapy HIV, human immunodeficiency vims Ol, opportunistic infection. (Adapted from the DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents, April 7, 2005.)... 

Badri M, Lawn SD, Wood R. Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa a longitudinal study. Lancet 2006 368(9543) 1254-9. 

Marconi P, Lorenzini P, Borrelli I, Liuzzi G, Sette P, ZaccareUi M et al. Safety and efficacy of regimens containing emtricitabine in HIV-infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. New Microbiol 2006 29(3) 169-75. 

Moh R, Danel C, Messou E, Ouassa T, Gabillard D, Anzian A et al. Incidence and determinants of mortality and morbidity following early antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-infected adults in West Africa. AIDS 2007 2I(I8) 2483-9I. 

It is similar to rifampicin and shows significant activity against M. tuberculosis, M. avium complex and M. fortuitum. Rifabutin is both substrate and cytochrome 450 enzyme inducer. Because it is less potent inducer, rifabutin is used (in place of rifampicin) for the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients, who are on concurrent antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor. It is used alone or in combination with pyrazi-namide. 

These properties of Enterosgel are of great interest for treatment of HIV-infected patients. In Table 21.9 the preliminary results of Enterosgel use for treatment of diarrheic syndrome in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy are presented [87]. 

CMV infections occur primarily in the setting of advanced immunosuppression and are typically due to reactivation of latent infection. Dissemination of infection results in end-organ disease, including retinitis, colitis, esophagitis, central nervous system disease, and pneumonitis. Although the incidence in HIV-infected patients has markedly decreased with the advent of potent antiretroviral therapy, reactivation of CMV infection after organ transplantation is still clinically prevalent. 

Clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism occurred in a 36-year-old woman, after previously stable levothyroxine replacement therapy, when antiretroviral drugs for HIV infection were introduced (85). She was reported to be taking a very large dose of... 

J, Vazquez G. Fat distribution and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected patients on first combination antiretroviral therapy including stavudine or zidovudine role of physical activity as a protective factor. Antivir Ther 2003 8 223-31. 

John M, Moore CB, James IR, Nolan D, Upton RP, McKinnon EJ, Mallal SA. Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001 15(6) 717-23. 

The introduction of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) in 1996 (initially a triple combination of one protease inhibitor and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) resulted in a sharp decline in HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality across North America [54] and Europe [55]. Plasma viral loads could now routinely and continuously be suppressed below the detectable limit in individual patients. This has led many to reevaluate HIV infections from a terminal to a chronic-but-manageable condition. 

Mouly S, Rizzo-Padoin N, Simoneau G, et al. Effect of widely used combinations of antiretroviral therapy on liver CYP3A4 activity in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006 62 200-209. 

Moreno A, Perez-Elias MJ, Casado JL, Munoz V, Antela A, Dronda F, Navas E, Moreno S. Long-term outcomes of protease inhibitor-based therapy in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected injection drug users on methadone maintenance programmes. AIDS 2001 15(8) 1068-70. 

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