Injection drug users

Bastos FI, Barcellos C, Lowndes CM, et al Co-infection with malaria and HIV in injecting drug users in Brazil a new challenge to public health Addiction... 

Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Friedman SR, et al Declining seroprevalence in a very large HIV epidemic injecting drug users in New York City, 1991-1996. Am J Public Health 88 1801-1806, 1998... 

DiChiara G, Imperato A Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 85 5274-5278, 1988 Dinwiddie SH, Cottier L, Compton W, et al Psychopathology and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in and out of treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 43 1 — 11, 1996... 

O Neill K, Baker A, Cooke M, et al Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for pregnant injecting drug users at risk for HIV infection. Addiction 91 1115— 1125, 1996... 

Injection drug use also predisposes individuals to polymicrobial cellulitis. The antecubital region of the arm is usually the site of infection. S. aureus, the most common isolate, is frequently associated with abscess formation. Because some injection drug users lick their needles to clean them, antibiotics with anaerobic coverage should be used. Occasionally, Candida spp. are isolated, and the patient may require antifungal therapy.18... 

HAV infection primarily occurs through transmission by the fecal-oral route, person-to-person, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The incidence of HAV correlates directly with low socioeconomic status, poor sanitary conditions, and overcrowding. Rates of HAV infection have increased among international travelers, injection drug users, and men who have sex with men. 

Recent immigrants (i.e., within the last 5 years) from high-prevalence countries Injection drug users... 

Behavioral indications Sexually active persons who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship (e.g., persons with more than 1 sex partner duringthe previous 6 months) current or recent injection-drug users and men who have sex with men. 

One result is that needle sharing among injection drug users is now a major force driving the HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C epidemics in America. ... 

The presence of HIV does not fundamentally affect the direct treatments for drug misuse, but with increasing illness there may be similar issues to those in the older addicts with other physical diseases, which have been discussed. When HIV antiviral therapy is given there may be some reduced efficacy of methadone through increased metabolism (Akerele et al. 2002), but if this seems to be so the dose can readily be increased. As more injecting drug users who became infected despite the preventive measures actually become ill with the disease, it is necessary for workers to have some knowledge of the treatments which are applied. 

Darke S, Topp L Ross f (2002). The injection of methadone and benzodiazepines among Sydney injecting drug users 1996-2000 5-year monitoring of trends from the Illicit Drug Reporting System. Drug and Alcohol Review, 21, 27-32... 

Farrell M, Battersby M Strang J (1990). Screening for hepatitis B and vaccination of injecting drug users in NHS drug treatment services. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 1657-9... 

Gibson DR, Flynn NM McCarthy JJ (1999). Effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing FlIV risk behaviour and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS, 13, 1807-18... 

Muga R, Sanvisens F, Bolao F, Tor J, Santes-mases J, Pujol R, Tural C, Tango hr K, Rey-Joly C Munoz A (2006). Significant reductions in HIV prevalence but not of hepatitis C virus infections in injection drug users from metropolitan Barcelona. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, S29-S33... 

Ruben SM Morrison CL (1992). Temazepam misuse in a group of injecting drug users. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 1387-92... 

Sullivan LE, Metzger DS, Fudala PJ Fiellin DA (2005). Decreasing international HIV transmission the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction, 100, 150-8... 

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