Gallium antimony

Further residual metal oxides from catalysts used for polymer synthesis, e.g. poly-terephthalic acid diol ester, are oxides of antimony, gallium, germanium, cobalt, man-... 

The pre-1991 research involving microbial oxidation of 29 sulfide minerals of iron, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, lead, nickel, and mercury was compiled by Nordstrom and Southam (1997). The importance of microbially mediated sulfide oxidation has been recognized for several decades (Nordstrom and Southam, 1997). Bacteria catalyze the oxidative dissolution of sulfide minerals, increasing the production of acidity in mine wastes. In the absence of bacteria, the rate of sulfide oxidation stabilizes as the pH decreases below 3.5 (Singer and Stumm, 1970). 

Copper and antimony Gallium Af-3-styrylacrylophenyl-hydroxyl amine Graphite... 

Metallic Antimonides. Numerous binary compounds of antimony with metallic elements are known. The most important of these are indium antimonide [1312-41 -0] InSb, gallium antimonide [12064-03-8] GaSb, and aluminum antimonide [25152-52-7] AlSb, which find extensive use as semiconductors. The alkali metal antimonides, such as lithium antimonide [12057-30-6] and sodium antimonide [12058-86-5] do not consist of simple ions. Rather, there is appreciable covalent bonding between the alkali metal and the Sb as well as between pairs of Na atoms. These compounds are useful for the preparation of organoantimony compounds, such as trimethylstibine [594-10-5] (CH2)2Sb, by reaction with an organohalogen compound. 

Because bismuth expands on solidification and because it alloys with certain other metals to give low melting point alloys, bismuth is particularly weU suited for a number of uses. Alloys of bismuth can be made that expand, shrink, or remain dimensionally stable on solidification. AH other metals except gallium and antimony contract on solidification. Bismuth aHoys and uses are summarized in Table 5. 

The equilibrium levels of the reaction products are very small, but both can dissolve in liquid sodium, and sodium oxide can form compounds with silica. As a consequence, the reaction moves to the right, leading to further reduction of silica. Nevertheless, vitreous silica crucibles have been used sucessfully for containing molten antimony (850°C), copper (1 210°C), gallium (1 100°C), germanium (1 100°C), lead (500°C) and tin (900 C). 

Aluminium B a 5 o B B < I Antimony a < Barium B a 1 3 Bismuth I Boron Cadmium 1 Caesium Calcium 1 Cerium Chloride, Chlorine [ Chromium X) o o C o a Gallium I Germanium Gold 1 Hafnium Hydrogen sulphide B a 5 a B a 5 a o 1 Lanthanons Lead f Lithium 1 Magnesium f Manganese Mercury Molybdenum... 

With gallium chloride, ferric chloride and antimony pentachloride the rate coefficients were dependent upon the concentration of chlorobenzene and the square of the concentration of the catalyst, but the third-order coefficients varied with the initial concentration of the catalyst (Table 103)394. The overall kinetic equation was, therefore,... 

Arsenic and antimony are metalloids. They have been known in the pure state since ancient times because they are easily obtained from their ores (Fig. 15.3). In the elemental state, they are used primarily in the semiconductor industry and in the lead alloys used as electrodes in storage batteries. Gallium arsenide is used in lasers, including the lasers used in CD players. Metallic bismuth, with its large, weakly bonded atoms, has a low melting point and is used in alloys that serve as fire detectors in sprinkler systems the alloy melts when a fire breaks out nearby, and the sprinkler system is activated. Like ice, solid bismuth is less dense than the liquid. As a result, molten bismuth does not shrink when it solidifies in molds, and so it is used to make low-temperature castings. 

The in-V compounds combine the elements of Group HI (aluminum, gallium, indium) with those of Group V (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth). As can be imagined, a wide variety of compounds can be produced which, in addition to the binary materials, also include ternary and even quaternary materials. 

Keywords Aluminum, Gallium, Antimony, Bismuth, Structures... 

Complexes of other metals such as gallium, indium, lead, and antimony have also been used as Lewis acids. Catalytic enantioselective meso-epoxide ring-opening reactions using a chiral gallium(III) catalyst (Ga-Li-linked-BINOL) have been reported (Scheme 84).348 The chemical yields are much improved by linking two BINOL units. 

Germanium is one of the materials that is used in producing semiconductors. When combined with phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony (which have five valence electrons), an n-type semiconductor results, and when combined with gallium (which has three valence electrons), the product is known as a p-type semiconductor. 

Heavy Metals, Vanadium, Molybdenum, Mercury, Uranium, Potassium, Calcium, Titanium, Gallium, Arsenic, Selenium, Rubidium, Strontium, Yttrium, Zirconium, Silver, Antimony, and Barium... 

Antimony (Sb), 3 41-56, 56. See also Group Ill-Sb system InAsSb alloy InSb photodiode detectors/arrays Lead-antimony alloys Low antimony lead alloys Stib- entries in babbitts, 24 797 catalyst poison, 5 257t chemical reactions, 3 42—44 in coal, 6 718 economic aspects, 3 47-48 effect of micro additions on silicon particles in Al-Si alloys, 2 311-312 effect on copper resistivity, 7 676t environmental concerns, 3 50 gallium compounds with, 12 360 health and safety factors, 3 51 in pewter, 24 798... 

Gallium(III) azide, 72 360 Gallium-based laser diodes, 72 349 Gallium chalcogenides, 72 359 Gallium compounds, 72 344, 355-361 with ammonia, 72 357-358 with phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony, 72 360... 

Aluminium, 0048 Antimony, 4907 Barium, 0200 Beryllium, 0220 Bismuth, 0226 Cadmium, 3949 Caesium, 4254 Calcium, 3922 Cerium, 3961 Chromium, 4222 Cobalt, 4199 Copper, 4267 Europium, 4292 Gallium, 4406 Germanium, 4412... 

Once germanium is recovered and formed into blocks, it is further refined by the manufacturer of semiconductors. It is melted, and the small amounts of impurities such as arsenic, gallium, or antimony, are added. They act as either electron donors or acceptors that are infused (doped) into the mix. Then small amounts of the molten material are removed and used to grow crystals of germanium that are formed into semiconducting transistors on a germanium chip. The device can now carry variable amounts of electricity because it can act as both an insulator and a conductor of electrons, which is the basis of modern computers. 

Antimony alloys have many commercial applications. The metal makes its alloys hard and stiff and imparts resistance to corrosion. Such alloys are used in battery grids and parts, tank linings, pipes and pumps. The lead plates in the lead storage batteries constitute 94% lead and 6% antimony. Babbit metal, an alloy of antimony, tin, and copper is used to make antifriction machine bearings. Alloys made from very high purity grade antimony with indium, gallium and bismuth are used as infrared detectors, diodes, hall effect devices and thermoelectric coolers. 

Keywords Aluminum Gallium Antimony MOCVD Single-source precmsor... 

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