Antimicrobial intraperitoneal

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. An eye irritant. An antimicrobial agent. See also CHLOROPHENOLS and CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl". 

Treatment of primary peritonitis for CARD patients should include an antistaphylococcal antimicrobial such as a first-generation cephalosporin or vancomycin (usually given by the intraperitoneal route). 

Intraperitoneal irrigation of antimicrobial agents for treatment of intraabdominal infection has been smdied often with conflicting results. Intraoperative antimicrobial irrigation does not improve patient outcomes in comparison with copious intraoperative irrigation with normal saline. Possibly the most important aspect of peritoneal irrigation is the dilutional effect on bacteria and adjuvants that promotes infection (intestinal contents and hemoglobin). Most system-ically administered antimicrobials easily cross the peritoneal membrane so that peritoneal fluid concentrations are similar to serum. " Confined areas, such as an abscess, can be expected to attain much lower antimicrobial concentrations. 

Aristolochic acid I (5) was also reported to exhibit antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Diphococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in infected mice at 50 pg/kg ip [415]. When, rats with wounds infected with S. aureus were treated intraperitoneally or orally with aristolochic acid I (5), they recovered much faster than control. In mice with Pneumococci infections were influenced very well by aristolochic acid I (5). Rabits after intravenous application of aristolochic acid I (5) showed an increased antibacterial action of serum. Aristolactam la (64) and aristolochic acid I (5) showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. faecalis, S. aureus and S. epidermides [191]. Neurological disorders, especially Parkinson s diseases have been treated by the administration of the aristolactam taliscanine (91) to the affected patient [439]. Cepharadione A (107) exhibited antimicrobial activities [440],... 

Other possible modes of action may centre on stimulation of T cells (this occurred with the live aroA mutant of A. salmonicida Marsden et al., 1996), which introduces the role of cellular and innate rather than humoral immunity as the mode of action. For this, examples include A. hydrophila LPS (Baba et al., 1988) and E. tarda ECPs (Lee et al., 2010). Of course, there could be involvement of humoral, cell-mediated and innate immune parameters as stated for the i.p. administration of a live auxotrophic aroA mutant of A. hydrophila with effectiveness against furunculosis in rainbow trout (Vivas et al, 2004). Other possibilities include the evidence that one commercial formalized whole cell V. anguillarum vaccine induces Mx gene (these are inducible by Type I interferons and have a role in antiviral activity) expression in Atlantic salmon after administration intraperitoneally (Acosta et al., 2004). In another example, vaccination with P. damselae subsp. piscicida cells were found to enhance the nitric oxide response, i.e. the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates with their antimicrobial activities, to infection with the pathogen, and is correlated with the level of protection (Acosta et al., 2005). There was inhibition of F columnare adhesion to the skin of immersion vaccinated eel (Mano et al., 1996). Finally, mention will be made of a possible mechanism of protection of V. anguillarum vaccines that may well involve the inhibition of bacterial attachment by unknown factors in the skin mucus (Kawai and Kusuda, 1995). 

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