Bacterial stimulation

Bacterial stimulant activity. Powdered rhizome, in broth culture at a concentration of 2 g/L, was active on Lactobacillus planta runP° L... 

The first quantitative NBT test was developed by Baehner and Natham in 1968 to detect neutrophil dysfunction in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The neutrophil membranes of CGD patients lack the specific cytochrome >245 which is a key component in generating superoxide by the cell, following bacterial stimulation of the cell. As a result the patients neutrophils are incapable of responding with a respiratory burst, failing to generate the free radicals necessary for the antimicrobial function of this cell. 

Figure 5 shows the results for a bacterial stimulation. Compared to unstimulated cell cultures, the stimulated ones undergo a significant change. But the reaction dynamic seems to be different. All stimulated samples reacted very fast (after about one hour) and also dissolved. What is unique is the nearly equal response frequency at 17 kHz. The unstimulated control samples remain stable. 

Bacterial stimulant - in vitro (Cell culture, Leuk-P388), IC50 0.3 jig/mL. 

GESTAL c, COSTA M M, FIGUERAS A, NOVOA B (2007), Analysis of differentially expressed genes in response to bacterial stimulation in hemocytes of the carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus. identification of new antimicrobial peptides. Gene, 406, 134-143. 

Bacterial remediation of selenium oxyanions in San Joaquin, California, drainage water is under active investigation (96,97), but has not yet been commercialized. Agricultural drainage rich in selenium is also typically rich in nitrates, so bioremediation must also include conditions that stimulate denitrification (98). Phytoextraction of selenium is also being tested, but is not yet being used on a large scale. 

Endotoxin and Muramyl Dipeptide Derivatives. Bacterial cell wall constituents such as the Hpopolysaccharide endotoxin and muramyl dipeptide, which stimulate host defense systems, show radioprotective activity in animals (204). Although endotoxin is most effective when given - 24 h before irradiation, it provides some protection when adrninistered shortiy before and even after radiation exposure. Endotoxin s radioprotective activity is probably related to its Hpid component, and some of its properties may result from PG and leukotriene induction (204). 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

The way that the aldehyde requirement was discovered by Cormier and Strehler is extraordinary and noteworthy. First, they found that a boiled bacterial extract stimulated luminescence when it was added to a weakly luminescing NADH-activated bacterial extract. They thought that the stimulation was due to certain substances associated with the cell debris existing in the extract. Thus, they tested the extracts of various animal tissues in the hope of finding a substance that would... 

In addition to hexadecanal, Cormier and Strehler (1953) discovered that homologous aldehydes, such as decanal and dodecanal, were also active in stimulating bacterial luminescence. Thus, they showed that bacterial luminescence requires a saturated long-chain aldehyde, but the specific aldehyde that is actually involved in the in vivo luminescence remained unknown for the next 20 years. 

Ulitzur, S., and Hastings, J. W. (1978). Myristic acid stimulation of bacterial bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 266-269. 

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is usually not constitutively expressed, but can be induced in macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines and other-agents. Although primarily identified in macrophages, expression of the enzyme can be stimulated in virtually any cell or tissue, provided the appropriate inducing agents have been identified (for review see [1] and [3]). 

Vaccines achieve their protective effects by stimulating a recipient s immune system to synthesize antibodies that promote the destruction of infecting microbes or neutralize bacterial toxins. This form of protection, known as active immunity, develops in the course of days and in the cases of many vaccines develops adequately only after two or three doses of vaccine have been given at intervals of days or weeks. Once established. 

Pool concentration of a substance that exceeds the threshold - for example megadose vitamin C - or substances that are excreted unchanged because they cannot be metabolised, such as sugar alcohols, or compounds that are not biologically essential, such as carcinogens, bacterial toxins and some minor plant constituents, are also bioavailable (and thus bioactive) in that they have a metabolic impact, even if this is only the stimulation of detoxification processes, or the use of energy for their excretion. 

The selective stimulation of these cells is of importance because they are the most active effector cells in host defense mechanisms against bacterial and viral infections. 

Jouanneau Y, JC Willison, C Meyer, S Krivobok, N Chevron, J-L Bescombes, G Blake (2005) Stimulation of pyrene mineralization in freshwater sediments by bacterial and plant augmentation. Environ Sci Technol 39 5729-5735. 

It is often stressed that the technology is environmentally friendly. The stimulation of oil production by in situ bacterial fermentation is thought to be initialized by one or a combination of the following mechanisms ... 

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