Antiatherosclerotic effects

Many studies have shown that ginseng has a protective effect on the development of atherosclerosis that may lead to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. The preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases of ginseng include its potential antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects. Ginsenosides are likely to be responsible for some of these effects as they have been shown to have inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation and to suppress thrombin formation as well as an effect on blood vessel contraction. 

The 9-acetic acid derivative (285) was studied for its antiatherosclerotic effect.258,268,436-443 The 4-oxo-4//-pyrido[l,2-a]pyrimidine (286) was investigated in various tests for insecticidal effects.444... 

Prasad, K. 2005. Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of flax lignan complex isolated from flaxseed. Atherosclerosis 179, 269-275. 

The antiatherosclerotic effect of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extracts was examined in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The proanthocyanidin-rich extracts [0.1% and 1% in diets (w/w)] did not change the serum lipid profile, but reduced the level of the cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (ChE-OOH) induced by 2,2/-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane-dihydrochloride (AAPH), the aortic malonaldehyde (MDA) content and severe atherosclerosis. The immuno-histochemical analysis revealed a decrease in the number of the oxidized LDL-positive macrophage-derived foam cells on the atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in the rabbits fed the proanthocyanidin-rich extract. When the proanthocyanidin-rich extract was administered orally to the rats, proantho-cyanidin was detected in the plasma. In an in vitro experiment using human plasma, the addition of the proanthocyanidin-rich extract to the plasma inhibited the oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in the LDL, but not in the LDL isolated after the plasma and the extract were incubated in advance. From these results, proanthocyanidins of the major polyphenols in red wine might trap ROSs in the plasma and interstitial fluid of the arterial wall, and consequently display antiatherosclerotic activity by inhibiting the oxidation of the LDL [92]. 

Garlic has been shown to have significant effects on the cardiovascular system. Such areas include improvement in lipids, modest effects on blood pressure, platelet inhibition, antioxidant effects, and a decrease in fibrinolytic activity. In vitro studies have shown garlic possesses specific antiatherosclerotic effects such as reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression (10), inhibition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and inhibition of oxidized LDL-induced depletion of glutathione (11). 

Koscielny J, KluBendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999 144 237-249. 

Antioxidant activity, antiinflammatory activity, bronchodilahx, reduces the release of histamine Antiatherosclerotic effect, inhibit the oxidation of LDL, cancer chemopreventive activity Antiinflammatory activity, beneficial cardiovascular effects, anti atherosclerotic effects, antioxidant activity, chemoprotective advantages Antioxidant activity, chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic effects, antiinflammatory activity... 

Polyphenols, such as curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol, are some examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, beneficial cardiovascular effects," antiatherosclerotic effects, chemopreventive, and anticarcinogenic effects. An abundance of mechanistic information has become available on how polyphenols derived from dietary sources, which have putative chemopreventive properties, interfere with tumor promotion and progression. The effect of these bioactive compounds on the organism is influenced by their bioavailability, namely, their ability to be effectively absorbed by the human body. However, the polyphenols have a poor bioavailability and are rapidly metabolized by human body, losing their potential beneficial effects. ... 

During the course of a study of the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives on cholesterol metabolism, Nakatani and his associates [432] found that amides of linoleic acid showed a pronounced cholesterol-lowering effect in mice, rats, and rabbits which had been fed cholesterol. However, addition of these amides to a cholesterol-free diet did not show any significant effect on cholesterol levels. Metabohc studies have suggested that iV-cyclohexyl linoleamide (CXCI) interferes with the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. The antiatherosclerotic effect of compound CXCI has also been studied by Kritchevsky and Tepper [433]. They have found that the administration of 600-900 mg/day of CXCI to rabbits maintained on an atherogenic dief led to reduced atheromata however, it was found to be ineffective at a dose of300mg/day. This lower dose has been found to reduce serum and hver cholesterol levels [433]. 

Recently Malinow et al. (1982, 1977a, 1977b, 1977c) in a cooperative study with our laboratory, the Western Regional Research Center of the United States Department of Agriculture, demonstrated that antiatherosclerotic effects of alfalfa meal in monkeys was due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption by alfalfa saponins. 

Zahid Ashraf M, Hussain ME, Fahim M (2005) Antiatherosclerotic effects of dietary supplementations of garlic and turmeric restoration of endothelial function in rats. Life Sci 77(8) 837-857. doi 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.11.039... 

Antioxidants and Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herb Salvia Miltwrrhiza... 

Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Dietary Flavonoids Insight into their Molecular Action Mechanism at the Target Site... 

Table 13.4 Recent reports on biological activity of quercetin metabolites in relation to antiatherosclerotic effect.

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