Animals sheep

Age or body weight can affect the systemic availability of many antimicrobial agents. In the physically smaller animal (sheep and pig) the peak serum concentration of a drug is usually higher and is followed by a rapid decline compared with a lower peak and a slower decline of the antibiotic in seruon of the larger animal (cow and horse). The limited experimental data appear to indicate that the extent of systemic availability of IM-administored antibiotics can vary as widely between different sites as between IM and SC sites. A corollary to this observation is that the location of the extra-vascular injection site should be well-defined when determining the systemic availability of parenteral preparations (9). 

Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) B Animals— sheep, goats 10-40 days Rare Standard Non-specific fever Days to 2 weeks Tetracycline, doxycycline... 

Meat of bovine animals, sheep, pig, and poultry. Vegetables, excluding brassica, leaf vegetables, fresh herbs, and all fungi. For potatoes the maximum level applies to peeled potatoes. Fruit, excluding berries and small fruit. Fats and oils 0.1... 

A combined deficiency in Se and vitamin E has (Kcurred naturally in farm animals (sheep, cattle) in regions of the world where the soil is low in selenium, such as in western Oregon in the United States and in New Zealand, when forages low ill vitamin E wen used. This deficiency results in muscular dystrophy. I he heart and skeletal muscle appear white. The disease has been called while muscle disease. 1 Death may occur. The disease can be prevented by supplementing the animals with either Se or vitamin E. 

Mycotoxins Aflatoxin Fumonisins RubialOKin Sporidesmin Sterqpnalocystin Swine pouhty, dogs Eloises, swine Rare, all animals Sheep Rare, all animals... 

Nitriles react with ammonia, or primary or secondary amines in the presence of an acid catalyst to give amidines (Scheme 26) (75, 77, 81). The catalysts used are hydrochloric acid and aluminium chloride. The amidines are anthelmintics for animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and Swine. 

Research in physiology carried out in the 1930s established that the lipid fraction of semen contains small amounts of substances that exert powerful effects on smooth mus cle Sheep prostate glands proved to be a convenient source of this material and yielded a mixture of structurally related substances referred to collectively as prostaglandins We now know that prostaglandins are present m almost all animal tissues where they carry out a variety of regulatory functions... 

Many species of mminants exist worldwide (1). The feeds and feed additives common to U.S. agriculture for the nutrition and management of domesticated mminant animals, ie, catde, sheep, and goats, are discussed hereia. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Fig. 1. Schematic of the cross section of a mammal s skin. The relative size and function of the parts depend on the species and breed of the animal. For goats, where the wool or hair is sparse because it is not needed for warmth, the skin is dense to provide protection for sheep protected primarily by heavy wool, the skin contains more oil (sebaceous) glands to lubricate the wool for catde, both the hair and the heavy hide stmcture protect the animal (3).

Sheep and fur animals are protected primarily by their wool or hair. The fiber stmcture of the skin is very fine and has less strength than calfskin or other nonfur mammals. The sheepskin has a high concentration of hair foUicles and sebaceous glands. When taimed the fur skin has an open stmcture, is soft, and lacks strength relative to many other leathers. 

The sacroplasmic proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin are responsible for much of the color in meat. Species vary tremendously in the amount of sacroplasmic proteins within skeletal muscle with catde, sheep, pigs, and poultry Hsted in declining order of sarcoplasmic protein content. Fat is also an important component of meat products. The amount of fat in a portion of meat varies depending on the species, anatomy, and state of nutrition of the animal. The properties of processed meat products are greatiy dependent on the properties of the fat included. Certain species, such as sheep, have a relatively higher proportion of saturated fat, whereas other species, such as poultry, have a relatively lower proportion of saturated fat. It is well known that the characteristic davors of meat from different species are in part determined by their fat composition. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

Tallow [61789-97-7] is the fat obtained as a by-product of beef, and to a lesser degree sheep processing, and is the most commonly utilized animal fat in the manufacturing of soaps. The high content of longer chain length fatty acids present in tallow fat necessitates the addition of other oils, such as coconut oil, in order to produce a bar with acceptable performance. 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in animals are numerous and vary from species to species (13). Although the deficiency of the vitamin can affect different tissue types such as reproductive, gastrointestinal, vascular, neural, hepatic, and optic in a variety of species such as pigs, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, monkeys, and sheep, it is generally found that necrotizing myopathy is relatively common to most species. In humans, vitamin E deficiency can result from poor fat absorption in adults and children. Infants, especially those with low birth weights, typically have a vitamin E deficiency which can easily be corrected by supplements. This deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, reduction in red blood cell lifetimes, retinopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. 

Wool is the fibrous covering from sheep (1) and is by far the most important animal fiber used in textiles. World greasy wool production was 2,688,000 tons in 1994—1995, equivalent to 1,557,000 t clean (2) (Table 1). In 1994—1995, 1000.1 x 10 sheep produced 2, 688 x 10 t of greasy wool. The average clip of 2.69 kg/sheep produces 1.56 kg/sheep of clean wool (Tables 1 and 2). 

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