Animal component free

Today, many media suppliers offer serum-free and/or animal component-free media, thus decreasing contamination risks. 

Many new medium companies formed in the early 1990s. Today, more than a decade later, the medium development industry has matured. Currently, a variety of serum-free (SF) media are available commercially. Table 32.3 lists some SF media produced in the United States. Many of these media are also made in powder form to facilitate use in laige-scale production. As listed in Table 32.3, there are different types of SF media, which can be categorized into protein-free (PF), chemical-defined (CD), and animal-component-free (ACF) media. The relationships among these different types of media are illustrated in Figure 32.1. 

Fig. 32.1. Relationships among serum-free, protein-free, chemical defined and animal-component-free media.

Fig. 4.6 Changes in process parameters during optimization of a GS-CHO process producing an lgC4 antibody using chemically defined animal-component free media in 10-L laboratory-scale airlift bioreactors (a) growth parameters (b) productivity parameters.

Table 4.2 Oligosaccharide profiles determined by MALDI-TOF MS for a GS-NSO lgC4 antibody during process optimization in chemically defined animal component-free fed-batch culture...

Shaw et al. [24] showed that the chemically defined animal component-free process they developed using the GS-NSO cell line 6A1(100)3 was applicable to other cell lines. Using a different cell line that was making 1 g in a serum-free process, with no optimization for this second cell line, an antibody concentration of 1.8 g was attained. This has subsequently been confirmed with other cell lines producing above 1 g L (unpublished results). 

Rourou, S., van der Ark, A., van der Velden, T., and Kallel, H. (2007) A microcarrier cell culture process for propagating rabies virus in Vero cells grown in a stirred bioreactor under fully animal component free conditions. Vaccine, 25 (19), 3879-3889. 

Animal fats are subjected to deodorization when a very bland or essentially flavorless fat is desired, such as in margarines or cooking fats. The fats are heated at 200°C to 260°C in the absence of air (to prevent oxidation) and treated with dry steam under a vacuum of 5-10 milliatmospheres. Off-flavor compounds are volatile under these conditions and are captured and removed in the steam stream. In addition to flavor components, free fatty acids, which can also contribute undesirable flavors, and other minor constituents such as peroxides, sterols, sterol esters, toco-pherols, and other natural antioxidants are partially or completely removed from the fat by this treatment. 

PA. Marinho, D.T. Vareschini, I.C. Gomes, S. Paulsen Bda, D.R. Furtado, R. Castilho Ldos, and S.K. Rehen, Xeno-free production of human embryonic stem cells in stirred microcarrier systems using a novel animal/human-component-free medium. Tissue Eng. Part C, Methods, 19 (2) 146-155, Feb. 2013. 

Chem. Descrip. Vegetable protein, starch, guar gum Uses Emulsifier/stabilizer for cold prod, of strictly vegetable dressings without any animal components (milk or egg) suitable for vegetarian, kosher, cholesterol-free, lactose-free, gluten-free, dietary/health foods Regulatory FAOAWHO... 

The effect of antivenom administration on the kinetics of Vipera aspis envenomation was also examined. Radiolabelled Vipera aspis venom was injected intramuscularly to mimic the route of administration in case of accidental envenomations. The use of a radiolabelled venom allowed the quantification of plasma venom components free and bound to antivenom antibodies. Free venom proteins were detected by ELISA. The plasma concentration time profile of venom in antivenom-treated animals is shown in Figure 2. The plasma concentration curves measured by counting radioactivity or by ELISA superimposed before the administration of the antivenom. After intravenous injection of 125 mg of IPSER Europe serum, the total venom concentrations in plasma rapidly increased more than ten-fold and remained elevated during three days, whereas the plasma levels of free venom antigens measured by ELISA rapidly decreased and remained undetectable for the same period of time. Antivenom Fab 2 administration therefore results in the immunocomplexation of venom proteins in the vascular compartment and in the plasma redistribution of venom antigens from the extravascular compartment to the vascular compartment. 

Consequences of Ozone Depletion. Ozone depletion over Antarctica is causing renewed concern about the consequences of increased levels of UV reaching the earth s biosphere. One area of concern involves the free-floating microscopic plants, known collectively as phytoplankton (the grass of the sea), which through the process of photosynthesis, fix carbon dioxide into living organic matter. Phytoplankton forms the basis of the marine food chain on which zooplankton (animal plankton) and all other components of the ecosystem depend for their sustenance. 

At the present time it is difficult to single out any one factor that could be held ultimately responsible for cell death after cerebral ischaemia. Recent studies, however, have provided us with sufficient evidence to conclude that free radical damage is at least one component in a chain of events that leads to cell death in ischaemia/reperfiision injury. As noted earlier in this review, much of the evidence for free radicals in the brain and the sources of free radicals come from studies in animals subjected to cerebral ischaemia. Perhaps the best evidence for a role for free radicals or reactive oxygen species in cerebral ischaemia is derived from studies that demonstrate protective effects of antioxidants. Antioxidants and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation have been shown to have profound protective effects in models of cerebral ischaemia. Details of some of these studies will be mentioned later. Several reviews have been written on the role of oxygen radicals in cerebral ischaemia (Braughler and HaU, 1989 Hall and Btaughler, 1989 Kontos, 1989 Floyd, 1990 Nelson ef /., 1992 Panetta and Clemens, 1993). 

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