Anilines explosives manufacture

Basic Explosives Manufacture. The major quantities and the toughest problems are here. They include a) acid waters, treated with lime or soda ash, chemical washes, spills, washdowns b) Red Water from TNT purification. A complex, brick-red soln of Na nitrate, Na sulfate, Na sulfite, Na nitrite, and about 17% organics which include sulfonated nitrotoluene isomers and complex, unidentified dye-bodies c) dissolved expls, eg, Pink Water which is approx lOOppm TNT in w d) suspended expl particles — dust and chips and e) sometimes solvents such as acet, benz, and dimethyl aniline... 

Since Calco s activities encompassed practically every sector of chemical manufacture involving anilines, commencing with intermediate, dye and explosive manufacture during World War I, it will frequently be used here, through these products, to delineate the rise of important sectors of the modem US organic chemicals industry. After Calco was acquired by American Cyanamid in 1929, new products based on aryl amines were invented (Figure 18). 

After extensive negotiations with German dye producers and with the explosives manufacturer Allendorf at Schonebeck a/d Elbe, Royal Dutch/Shell decided in June 1910 to sell their total production of MNT to the German Anilin Syndikat , from which it could get nitric acid in return on favourable conditions. This aniline cartel included the major German producers of synthetic dyes, as well as a few smaller firms. 

Nitroaromatics TNT, nitrobenzene, nitrophenols, atrazine Manufacture of aniline, dyes, drugs (P,D) Explosive industry, military facilities (P, D) Manufacture of pesticides and herbicides (D) C [46]... 

Aniline, which is used not only to synthesise drugs, pesticides and explosives but also as a building block for materials such as polyurethane foams, rubber, azo dyes, photographic chemicals and varnishes, is manufactured at a quantity of approximately three million tons each year [61]. The toxic effects of aniline include increased nitration of proteins in the spleen [62]. 

Uses Manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aldol, aniline dyes, 1-butanol, 1,3-butylene glycol, cellulose acetate, chloral, 2-ethylhexanol, paraldehyde, pentaerythritol, peracetic acid, pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid, trimethylolpropane, flavors, perfumes, plastics, synthetic rubbers, disinfectants, drugs, explosives, antioxidants, yeast silvering mirrors hardening gelatin fibers. 

Uses Manufacture of ethylbenzene (preparation of styrene monomer), dodecylbenzene (for detergents), cyclohexane (for nylon), nitrobenzene, aniline, maleic anhydride, biphenyl, benzene hexachloride, benzene sulfonic acid, phenol, dichlorobenzenes, insecticides, pesticides, fumigants, explosives, aviation fuel, flavors, perfume, medicine, dyes, and many other organic chemicals paints, coatings, plastics and resins food processing photographic chemicals nylon intermediates paint removers rubber cement antiknock gasoline solvent for fats, waxes, resins, inks, oils, paints, plastics, and rubber. 

Analytical Procedures for Explosives and for Primary Materials Used for their Manufacture are described under corresponding primary materials, such as Aniline, Anisole, Benzene, Toluene, etc... 

Nitrobenzene is a pale yellow liquid, b.p. 208.0°, which is poisonous and has an almondlike odor closely resembling that of benzaldehyde (which is not poisonous). It is used as a component of certain Sprengel explosives and as a raw material for the preparation of aniline and of intermediates for the manufacture of dyestuffs and medicinals. Its preparation, familiar to every student of organic chemistry, is described here in order that the conditions for the substitution of one nitro group in benzene may serve us more conveniently as a standard for judging the relative ease and difficulty of the nitration of other substances. 

Uses Nitrobenzene is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It has been used extensively in a variety of industries, (e.g., the manufacture of aniline dyes and soaps, as solvent for paints, for refining lubricating oils, as shoe polish, floor polish, dressings for leather products, the manufacture of explosives). 

In 1943, Calco produced around 97% of the US consumption of sulfadiazine (79), and was the sole American producer of sulfaguanidine (78), both supplied to the Army and Navy Munitions Board. The armed forces also demanded sulfathiazole (77), which cured several common diseases caused by streptococcus, staphylococcus, pneumonococcus and gonococcus, as well as preventing and curing wounds and burns115. In Britain, ICI stepped up manufacture of aniline and A,A-dimethylaniline for explosives, as well as for antimalarials and other pharmaceutical products116,117. 

Process improvements in the manufacture of aniline have been driven by tremendous demand, particularly from the rubber industry, and for use in the manufacture of isocyanates for polyurethanes, dyestuffs, sulfa drugs, agrochemicals, and detonators and stabilizers for explosives. Two widely used catalytic processes have been developed, one vapor phase, the other liquid phase. Both processes are highly exothermic, and the exchange and use of heat is important4. 

New processes include synthesis of /V-alkylated anilines from olefins and aniline in an inert solvent with at least one catalyst from a range that includes alkali metal alcoholates, alkaline earth metal alcoholates, alkali metal amides and alkaline earth amides36. The uses for /V,/V-dimethylaniline (11) include in the manufacture of polyester resins, sulfur recovery (in copper refining), insecticides and fungicides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, explosives, rubber products, specialty isocyanates and petroleum additives. The /V-ethylaniline (26) is a dye intermediate and rubber additive, and is used for bum control in explosives, while /V,/V-diclhylaniline is used in production of polyester resins, pharmaceuticals, diazo prints (lithographic), and dyes, and as a petroleum additive37. 

The dinitrotoluenes are reduced quantitatively in a succession of high pressure hydrogenations. The selectivity to the toluenediamines is 98-99%. In contrast to the manufacture of aniline from nitrobenzene, gas-phase hydrogenation is not used commercially due to the readily explosive decomposition of the dinitrotoluenes at the required reaction temperatures. Purification is done in a series of distillation columns. 

TLV of 1 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1652. The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 2, and reactivity 1. Nitrobenzene is a nitro hydrocarbon derivative, but it is not very explosive. The primary uses are as a solvent, an ingredient of metal polishes and shoe polishes, and in the manufacture of aniline. The structure and molecular formula are shown Figure 8.29. 

Before the war, the manufacture of TNT was restricted to two private companies, the Clayton Aniline Company and Nobel s, the latter having a capacity of just ten tons per week. In comparison with other areas of munitions supply (especially shells, whose manufacture was often organized by locally self-appointed committees) the supply of high explosives was in November 1914 put into the hands of a newly-appointed Committee on High Explosives, under the chairmanship of the lawyer. Lord (Hetcher) Moulton, FRS. 

Nitrobenzene Used in the manufacture of aniline dyes and explosives also in the manufacture of perfumes, liqueurs and confectionery Greenish-blue discoloration of the mucous membranes, bluish-black line on the gums ... 

Aniline NH, 6 Manufacture of isocyanates, rubber, dyes, explosives, pesticides, pharmaceuticals. VOCwith ozone-forming... 

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