Explosives manufacture

PoIIuta.ntReduction. Pollutants from explosives are primarily produced by waste from the explosives manufacture, such as the acids used ia nitration (qv). Pollutants may also be produced dufing iacorporation of the explosives ia munitions, ia the use of iadustrial explosives, and ia clean-up and disposal operations. Table 4 fists the most common types of pollutants found ia the manufacture of explosives, as well as effects and various procedures for reduction (41—54). 

Part 457 explosives manufacturing point source category Part 458 carbon black manufacturing point source category... 

Process Heavy Metals Organic Solvents Solid Organics (excluding explosives) Acidic Wastes (from explosives manufacturing Oxidants Sulfates... 

The key to safety in explosives manufacturing is to use isolated high-velocity nitric acid reactors that have only a veiy small hold up at any one time (that is, only a small amount of dangerous material is held up inside the reactor at any time). Units are widely spaced, so any accident involves only small amounts of explosive and does not propagate through the plant. Fire and electrical spark hazards are rigorously controlled, and manpower reduced to the absolute minimum through automation. 

The resistance of titanium in nitric acid is good at most concentrations and at temperatures up to boiling . Thus tubular heat exchangers are used in ammonium nitrate production for preheating the acid prior to its introduction into the reactor via titanium sparge pipes. In explosives manufacture, concentrated nitric acid is cooled in titanium coils and titanium tanks are... 

Basic Explosives Manufacture. The major quantities and the toughest problems are here. They include a) acid waters, treated with lime or soda ash, chemical washes, spills, washdowns b) Red Water from TNT purification. A complex, brick-red soln of Na nitrate, Na sulfate, Na sulfite, Na nitrite, and about 17% organics which include sulfonated nitrotoluene isomers and complex, unidentified dye-bodies c) dissolved expls, eg, Pink Water which is approx lOOppm TNT in w d) suspended expl particles — dust and chips and e) sometimes solvents such as acet, benz, and dimethyl aniline... 

Throughout the world explosives manufacturers have amassed many years of experience and have spent many millions of pounds to ensure as far as possible the safety of those working for them with explosives. Even so, accidents still occur with distressing injury and loss of life. Where these companies cannot succeed the amateur would be foolish to try. 

Industrial activities involving transportation, pipelines, laboratories, minerals extraction, mining, explosives manufacturing, pyrotechnic manufacturing, or military uses are not considered. 

Use of sensors to measure gas phase NO2 concentration, electrical conductivity of the reaction mass, and gas phase temperatures at several critical points in semi-continuous nitration reactors permits safe operation of nitration processes [10], The use of non-aqueous titration analysis in the control of nitration processes in explosives manufacture is discussed [11],... 

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a powerful explosive manufactured in clandestine laboratories and used by terrorists. As TATP subHmes easily, analysis was performed by SPME trapping of its vapor, using polydimethylsiloxane/divinyl benzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber, followed by desorption into a GC/MS injector [10]. Figure 6 shows the TIC, mass chromatogram and the El mass spectmm of headspace from a debris sample containing TATP [11]. The El mass spectmm contains a molecular ion at m/z 222 and several fragment ions. In the chemical ionization mass spectmm of TATP [12], the m or ions were at m/z 223 (100%), 222 (20%), 133 (20%), 117 (40%), 115 (20%), 103 (75%) and 100 (50%). 

A smdy at two explosive manufacturing facilities in China found an increased incidence of malformed spermatozoa in TNT-exposed workers. ... 

Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) has important uses in modifying phenolic resin manufacture and is an intermediate in explosive manufacture. Although it is a complex three-dimensional structure, it is easily made by the condensation of formaldehyde and ammonia. 

The determination of formaldehyde, a substance of great interest on account of its toxicity and high significance to the resin, fertilizer and explosive manufacturing industries, among others, entails the use of rapid, convenient, safe methods. One sensor developed for this purpose uses the manifold shown in Fig. 4.6 to handle the reagents involved, viz. / -rosaniline (PRA) and sulphite. The instability of sulphite ion calls for on-line mixing with PRA dissolved in 0.4 M HCl prior to injection of the sample. After the... 

The art and engineering of propellant and explosive manufacture consists in finding suitable combinations and treatments of sohds that wiU produce a stable compound that wiU not ignite until desired and wiU then bum with the appropriate rate to produce the desired blast wave or thmst. Obviously these are dangerous experiments, and they should be attempted after one figures out all the possibilities and what to do about them. 

The treatment cost for the same amount of pinkwater (explosive manufacturing wastewater) was 23,700 for conventional carbon regeneration as compared to 22,100 for the use of ECOCHOICE (D13609E, p. 3). 

Although the original slurries had been licensed by IOCC to major explosives manufacturers around the world, progress in the marketplace for the first two years was slow. 

Shell Loading, Shell Manufacture, Mines, Explosives Manufacture) (Now closed)... 

Nitric acid Potassium nitrate. Sulfuric acid, Water Key component for many explosive manufacturing processes... 

Each lot of the explosive manufactured is tested by drawing samples from 2% of the boxes. 

At least once a year every production plant sends samples (of not less than 60 kg each) of all permitted explosives manufactured there, to the Makeyevskii Scientific Institute of Safety in Coal Mines Research (MAKNII) for a check inspection. 

The composition of coal mine explosives manufactured and used in Hungary is given in Tables 130 and 131. 

Note 2—"Magazine" means any building or structure, other than an explosives manufacturing building, used for the permanent storage of explosives. 

Ammonium nitrate for explosive manufacture should conform with the following purity requirements in accordance with the Soviet standard (GOST 2-40) ... 

Suggestion that ethylenediamine chlorate might be used in explosive manufacture was made by Stahler [4] who reported the substance to be a very strong explosive, sensitive to impact. So far it has not found commercial application. 

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