Aniline production capacities

Coburn " synthesized 2,4,6-tris(picrylamino)-l,3,5-triazine (TPM) (190) from the reaction of aniline with cyanuric chloride followed by nitration of the product with mixed acid. Treatment of TPM (190) with acetic anhydride-nitric acid leads to Al-nitration and the isolation of the corresponding tris-nitramine. The high thermal stability of TPM (m.p. 316 °C) coupled with its facile synthesis and low sensitivity to impact has led to its large scale manufacture in the US by Hercules Inc. China has reported a low-cost synthetic route to TPM but this has a limited production capacity. 

Aniline s global production capacity in 1999 was 2.9 million tonnes, and demand in 2000 was estimated to be 2.68 million tonnes per year. The capacity in 1999 was found in these regions Western Europe - 47%, North America -30% and Asia / Pacific -19%140,256. In 2000 China had over 20 aniline producers with a total capacity that exceeded 200,000 tonnes per year. Aniline production in 1999 in China was 142,700 for a utilization rate of around 70%. Historical production in the United States is summarized in Table 20.2255. 

Commercial plants DuPont produces aniline using this technology for the merchant market with a total production capacity of 160,000 tpy at... 

World annual production capacity of aniline in 2002 exceeded 2.70 million tons, and in 2005 was around 3.6 million tons, with market demand of 2.90 million tons. 

There has been a gradual increase in nitrobenzene production volume in the United States from 73,600 metric tons (kkg) in 1960 to 434,900 kkg in 1986. Based on increased production capacity and increased production of aniline (the major end-product of nitrobenzene) in 1987, it is likely that nitrobenzene production volume will continue to increase (Collins et al. 1982 Dunlap 1981 EPA 1985a SRI 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 USITC 1987, 1988). 

Table 14.5 offers an indication of the average commercial specifications of MDI and polymeric MDL The main uses of aniline and MDI in 1984 in Western Europe, the United States and Japan are listed in Tables 14.6 and 14.7, winch also give the production, capacities and consumption of these products at the same date in these three geographic areas. 

The world wide production capacity of aniline was about 1.3. 10 t year in 1984 and 1.4.106 t/year in 1986, with the following distribution ... 

Commercial plants DuPont produces aniline using this technology for the merchant market with a total production capacity of 160,000 tpy at a plant located in Beaumont, Texas. In addition, DuPont s aniline technology is used in three commercial units, and four new licenses have been awarded since 2004 with aniline capacities of up to 360,000 tpy in a single unit. 

The ammonolysis of chlorobenzene previously operated by Dow in the USA, analogous to the synthesis of phenol from chlorobenzene, has had no commercial importance for some years. Table 5.8 summarizes the production capacities of the major aniline producer countries it is striking that aniline production is limited to a small number of countries. 

DuPont has a plant at Beamont, TX, while First Chemical owns two aniline plants, one in Baytown, TX, and the other in Pascagoula, MS. First Chemical is a subsidiary of DuPont and expanded the Beamont, TX, plant s capacity. The United States has a production capacity of over 2 billion pounds per year. 

Trend the feedstock properties look for changes in the K factor, 1,050°F+ (565°C+), aniline point, refractive index, and °API gravity. The feed endpoint may have been increased to fill the unit. The conversion penalty may be a small price to pay for the increased capacity, but the penalty can be minimized. Verify that the refinery LP reflects current data on yields and product quality. 

Continuous Multicomponent Distillation Column 501 Gas Separation by Membrane Permeation 475 Transport of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 565 Residence Time Distribution Studies 381 Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 547 Conversion of Nitrobenzene to Aniline 329 Non-Ideal Stirred-Tank Reactor 374 Oscillating Tank Reactor Behaviour 290 Oxidation Reaction in an Aerated Tank 250 Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves 569 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor 295 Batch Reactor of Luyben 253 Reversible Reaction with Temperature Effects 305 Reversible Reaction with Variable Heat Capacities 299 Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product 280... 

The largest tonnage product, fluorobcnzcnc (3), is manufactured by the diazotization of aniline (1) in strong aqueous hydrogen fluoride. The intermediate diazonium fluoride 2 is decomposed in situ without isolation from solution. Despite the considerable safety and corrosion problems presented by the reaction mixtures, the technology was developed in the 1980s to provide a worldwide capacity of several thousand tons. Other fluoroaromatics such as fluorotoluenes are also manufactured by this route. 

Various modifications of the reaction of an alcohol with ammonia provide the most common commercial routes to alkylamines. Some others routes that are used to make certain individual amines include aldehyde/amine additions, nitrile reduction, the Ritter reaction, amination of isobutylene, and hydrogenation of anilines. Capacities of many plants depend on the product mix of mono/di/tri products as well as the variety of amines (ethyl, propyl and butyl). One must know the product mix that the capacity is based upon and the actual scheduled output of produces) to determine what amounts can actually be manufactured. Capacities are often in excess of anticipated demand to satisfy seasonal demands for pesticide uses116. 

Production. MDI has been the driving force behind the recovery of the aniline business since 1982 when the industry had a capacity utilization rate of less than 50 percent. By 1996, capacity utilization had approached 95 percent in some regions.138... 

The synthesis of ammonia from its elements, N2 + 3H2 2NH3, is one of the largest industrial processes based on heterogeneous catalysis [1-4]. Almost 90% of the present world capacity of about 200 million tons per year is used for the production of fertilizers. Almost all plants employ promoted catalysts based on iron, quite similar to the one developed by A. Mittaschin 1910 attheBadische Anilin and Sodafabrik (BASF) [5]. The above reaction could be successfully realized for the first time in the laboratory in 1909 by Fritz Haber, and was then transferred into a technical... 

One of the important processes in the petrochemical industry is the production of phenol. Phenol is an important raw material for the synthesis of petrochemicals, agrochemicals, and plastics. Examples of employment of phenol as an intermediate are production of bisphenol A, phenolic resins, caprolactam, alkyl phenols, aniline, and other useful chemicals. Current worldwide capacity for phenol production is nearly 7 milUon metric tons per year. More than the 95% of phenol is produced by the common industrial process known as Hock or cumene process involving three successive reaction steps ... 

Nitrobenzene is used mainly as an intermediate in the production of aniline. It also forms the basis for the production of 3-chloronitrobenzene, m-nitrobenzene-sulfonic acid and p-aminophenol its earlier importance in the production of the dyestuff intermediate benzidine is insignificant today, due to the carcinogenicity of the latter. The industrial production of nitrobenzene is achieved by isothermal nitration of benzene. Mixed nitration acid, composed of 40% HNO3, 40% H2SO4 and 20% water, is used as the nitrating medium. Whereas the process was originally carried out batchwise, continuous operation predominates today in plants with a capacity up to 100,000 tpa. Stainless steel equipment is used, which is resistant to corrosion due to a passivation effect. 

In July 1908, Haber convinced representatives of the BASF Badische Anilin cl Soda Fabrik), namely, Carl Bosch and Alwin Mittasch (see box), by a successfid demonstration in his laboratory to support his work. During this performance, a production rate of 80g-NH3h was reached with an osmium catalyst. In an unprecedented achievement, Bosch and his team succeeded in developing a commercial process, and the first plant started in 1913, with a capacity of 1.251 of NH3 per hour, that is, within five years a scale-up factor of 15 000 was reached. 

Over 85% of the production of aniline goes into the synthesis of MDI for polyurethane elastomers and polyurethane rigid foams. Therefore, MDI capacity increases are the driving force for aniline capacity increases. The big growth area now for MDI is with rigid foam production, used mainly in construction. Over one-half of MDI production is used to make rigid foams. 

Aniline is used primarily for the production of 4,4 -methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) which consumes about 75 percent of the aniline produced. Other products include rubber chemicals (13%), dyestuffs (3%), synthetic fibers (2%), pharmaceuticals (1%), and agricultural chemicals (6%). U.S. producers of aniline and their capacities are ... 

The company s current ethylene capacity is 530 000 tonnes a year. Its ABS capacity is 50 000 tonnes per year. It also has a 100 000 tonnes per year LLDPE facility and has recently added another 120 000 tonnes per year PE facility. Its annual output of PVC, PS and PP are 27 000, 8300 and 12 000 tonnes, respectively. Shijinggou Integrated Chemical Plant of Jilin Chemical Industrial Group, an affiliate of the company, is a major polyoxymethylene (POM) producer in China with a POM capacity of 5000 tonnes per year. Other major products include aniline, sulphuric acid, fuming sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid, caustic soda, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, calcium carbide, sodium bicarbonate, refined aluminium chloride, liquid sulphur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, sulphur, commercial liquefied chlorine, ammonia,... 

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