Aniline exposure

There is no conclusive evidence from studies of cancers in dye workers that aniline is the causative agent. Two known metabolites of aniline induced sister chromatid exchange in the single study with cultured human fibroblasts. No studies on possible reproductive or developmental effects in humans associated with aniline exposures were located. 

Diphenylamine is much less toxic than aniline. The acute oral toxicity is low. A dose of 3000 mg/kg was lethal to rats. At a concentration of >500 ppm, a diet fed to rats for over 7 months resulted in renal cysts in animals. Its absorption through the skin and the respiratory system is lower than that of aniline. Exposure to its dusts caused changes in liver, spleen, and kidney in test animals. Indnstrial exposure to diphenylamine has cansed tachycardia, hypertension, eczema, and bladder symptoms in workers (Fairhall... 

Cohen SR (1985) Yellow staining caused by 4,4 -methylenedi-aniline exposure. Arch Dermatol 121 1022-1024 Cowan C, Haider R, Grimes P, et al. (1986) Disturbances in vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 15 17-24 Cummings MP, Nordlund JJ (1995) Chemical leukoderma fact or fancy. Am J Contact Dermat 6 122-127 Das M, Tandon A (1988) Occupational vitiligo (1988). Contact Dermatitis 18 184-185... 

Aniline when freshly distilled is a colourless liquid of b.p. 184° and d, 1025 on exposure to air and light, it develops a deep brown colour. It is an extremely important substance technically, being the starting point of many azo and other dyes. 

Phenylhydrazine on exposure to light slowly darkens and eventually becomes deep red in colour salts of the base share this property but to a lesser degree, the sulphate and acetate (of the common salts) being most stable to light. Phenylhydrazine is largely used in organic chemistry to characterise aldehydes and ketones as their phenyl-hydrazones (pp. 342, 345), and carbohydrates as their osazones (pp. 136-140). It is readily reduced thus in the process of osazone formation some of the phenylhydrazine is reduced to aniline and ammonia. On the... 

Strong acids and strong alkaUes can severely bum the skin, chromium compounds can produce skin rashes, and repeated exposure to solvents causes removal of natural oils from the skin. Infection is always a concern for damaged skin. Absorption through the skin is possible for materials that are appreciably soluble iu both water and oil, eg, nitrobenzene, aniline, and tetraethyllead. Other materials can be absorbed if first dissolved iu extremely good solvents, eg, dimethyl sulfoxide. Subcutaneous iujection can occur accidentally by direct exposure of the circulatory system to a chemical by means of a cut or scratch or iuadvertent penetration of the skin with a hypodermic needle. 

Pure, freshly distilled aniline is a colorless, oily Hquid that darkens on exposure to light and air. It has a characteristic sweet, aminelike aromatic odor. Aniline is miscible with acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and benzene, and is soluble in most organic solvents. Its soIubiHty characteristics in water are as follows ... 

When freshly distilled, aniline is a colorless oily Hquid which darkens on exposure to light or air. 

The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee s exposure to aniline in an 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week shaU not exceed an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) of 5 ppm vapor in air. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a... 

In view of the above, aniline should be handled in areas with adequate ventilation and skin exposure should be avoided by wearing the proper safety equipment. Recommended personal protective equipment includes hard hat with brim, chemical safety goggles, hiU length face shield, mbber gaundet gloves, mbber apron, and mbber safety shoes or mbber boots worn over leather shoes. 

For most ehemieals, inhalation is the main route of entry into the body. Penetration via damaged skin (e.g. euts, abrasions) should, however, be avoided. Certain ehemieals (e.g. phenol, aniline, eertain pestieides) ean penetrate intaet skin and so beeome absorbed into the body. This may oeeur through loeal eontamination, e.g. from a liquid splash, or through exposure to high vapour eoneentrations. Speeial preeautions to avoid skin eontaet are required with these ehemieals and potential exposure via skin absorption has to be taken into aeeount when assessing the adequaey of eontrol measures. 

Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped) Liquid Color. Clear to light yellow turns yellow, brown or deep red on exposure to air and light Odor Aromatic, aniline-like. Physical and Chemical Properties - Physical State at 15 X and 1 atm. Liquid Molecular Weight 107.2 Boiling Point at 1 atm. 392, 200, 473 Freezing Point -11, -24, 249 Critical Temperature 790, 421, 694 Critical Pressure 544, 37.0, 3.75 Specific Gravity 0.998 at 20 °C (liquid) Vapor (Gas) Density Not pertinent Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas) Not pertinent Latent Heat of Vaporization 179.1, 99.5,4.16 Heat of Combustion -16,180, -8,990, -376 Heat cf Decomposition Not pertinent. 

The aniline clo d point is a measure of the paraffinicity of a fuel oil. A high value denotes a highly paraffinic oil while a low value indicates an aromatic, a naphthenic, or a highly cracked oil. The flash point represents the temperature to which a liquid fuel can be heated before a flash appears on its surface upon exposure to a test flame under specified conditions. A knowledge of the flash point is needed to ensure safe handling and storage without fire hazards. 

Azido and Azo Derivatives of N-Methylaniline p-A zido-N-Methy aniline, p-MeNHC6 H4N 3, C7H8N4 mw 148.17, N 37.82% crysts, mp 52° prepd by the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on N-methyJ p-nitrosoaniline in aq Na carbonate. Upon exposure to light in thin layers, it turns red, then violet Refs 1) Beil 12, 429 2) A. Angeli ... 

Since endosulfan is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase inducer, the quantification of specific enzyme activities (e.g., aminopyrine-A -demethylase, aniline hydroxylase) may indicate that exposure to endosulfan has occurred (Agarwal et al. 1978). Because numerous chemicals and drugs found at hazardous waste sites and elsewhere also induce hepatic enzymes, these measurements are nonspecific and are not necessarily an indicator solely of endosulfan exposure. However, these enzyme levels can be useful indicators of exposure, together with the detection of endosulfan isomers or the sulfate metabolite in the tissues or excreta. 

Carcinogenic agents include chemicals in the environment, such as aniline and benzene, which are associated with the development of bladder cancer and leukemia, respectively. Environmental factors, such as excessive sun exposure, also may result in cancer. Viruses, including the human papilloma virus and hepatitis B, maybe associated with the development of cancer. Some of the chemotherapy agents cause secondary cancers after therapy has been completed. Numerous factors may contribute to the development of cancer. 

Continuous exposure to aniline vapors and arsenic compounds ulcerated workers noses, lips, and throats. Hoechst employees left work cov-... 

This report is the first volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. AEGL documents for four chemicals—aniline, arsine, monomethylhydrazine, and dimethyl hydrazine—are published as an appendix to this report. The subcommittee concludes that the AEGLs developed in those documents are scientifically valid conclusions based on the data reviewed by NAC and are consistent with the NRC guideline reports. AEGL reports for additional chemicals will be presented in subsequent volumes. 

Several studies with rats support the AEGL-3 values. A 10-min exposure to aniline at 15,302 ppm resulted in no toxic effects, and a 4-h exposure at 359 ppm resulted in severe toxic effects but no deaths. Dividing these values by a total uncertainty factor of 100 and scaling across time using C%t=k results in values similar to those derived from the Kim and Carlson (1986) study. Studies with repeated exposures of rats resulted in additional effects on the blood and spleen, but concentrations up to 87 ppm, 6 h/d, 5 d/w for 2 w were not disabling or life-threatening. 

---