Anergy, lymphocyte

The delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) is an assay frequently used to assess the T cell response to commonly encountered microbial antigens. It involves intradermal injection of antigens to which the majority of individuals are immune (known as recall antigens) such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, and mumps viruses, Candida, and tetanus toxoid. In normal individuals, after 24-48 hours, an inflammatory filtrate results in local edema and induration, the diameter of which can be measured. A negative reaction to all the antigens (anergy) is usually reflected by decreased lymphocyte function as measured in vitro and is frequently seen in AIDS and ARC patients. 

King CL, Mahanty S, Kumaraswami V, et al Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human lymphatic filari-asis. Preferential induction of a regulatory T-helper type 2 lymphocyte subset. J Clin Invest 1993 92 1667-1673. 

Nossal GJ, Pike BE Clonal anergy persistence in tolerant mice of antigenbinding B lymphocytes incapable of responding to antigen or mitogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980 77 1602-1606. 

T lymphocyte anergy, the inability of a T cell to respond to secondary stimulation, is induced by presentation of antigen on chemically modified antigen... 

Schwartz. R.ll. "A Cell Culture Model for T Lymphocyte Clonal Anergy," Seieme. 1349 (June 15. 19911). 

Brink, R., Goodnow, C.C., Crosbie, J., Adams, E., Eris, J., Mason, D.Y., Hartley, S.B., Basten, A. (1992). Immunoglobulin M and D antigen receptors are both capable of mediating B lymphocyte activation, deletion, or anergy after interaction with specific antigen. J. Exp. Med. 176,991-1005. 

Schwartz, R. H., A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 248,1349—1356... 

The phenomenon of tolerance can be reversed by stimulating TLRs with PAMP molecules, which are structures of grouped microorganisms usually immune to mutations. Therefore, it is a mechanism which changes the anergy of T lymphocytes and tolerance to its own tissues and antigens, e.g., saprophytic bacteria into stimulation of the immune system. 

Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body s defence mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. 

Anergy to tuberculin and lymphopenia have been associated with an increased risk of adverse reactions to thiacetazone. In a randomized study of rifampicin-and thiacetazone-containing regimens in HIV-positive adults with pulmonary tuberculosis, eight of 13 patients who developed adverse reactions were tubercuUn-aner-gic, compared with 12 of 77 patients who did not develop adverse reactions (13). An absolute lymphocyte count below 2.0 X 10 /1 was also associated with adverse reactions. 

Williams, M.E., Shea, C.M., Lichtman, A.H. and Abbas, A.K. (1992). Antigen receptor-mediated anergy in resting lymphocytes and T cell clones. J. Immunol. 149, 1921-1926. 

King CL, Medhat A, Malhotra I, et al. Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human urinary schistosomiasis. IL-10 modulates lymphocyte reactivity. J Immuno 1996 156 4715-21. 

Hematologic Failure of stem-cell production decreased PMN chemotaxis decreased lymphocyte count with reduced helper T and increased suppressor T and killer cells decreased blastogenesis to phytohemagglutinin Anemia anergy decreased granuloma formation impaired response to chemotherapy increased infection rate... 

O Hehir RE, Lamb JR Induction of specific clonal anergy in human T lymphocytes by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990 87 8884-8888. 

Rammensee HG, Kroschewski R, Frangoulis B Clonal anergy induced in mature V beta 6+ T lymphocytes on immunizing Mls-lb mice with Mls-la expressing cells. Nature 1989 339 541-544. 

Frossard, C.P., Hauser, C. Eigenmann, P.A. (2001) Oral carrageenan induces antigen-dependent oral tolerance prevention of anaphylaxis and induction of lymphocyte anergy in a murine model of food allergy. Paediatr. Res. 49(3), 417-422. 

---