Anemia methemoglobinemia and

The sulfones can produce nonhemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and sometimes acute hemolytic anemia in persons with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Within a few weeks of therapy some... 

Mild anemia, methemoglobinemia, and leukocytosis have been mentioned occasionally, as well as a very occasional case of agranulocytosis, usually associated with overdosage (6). 

Serious side effects can include hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and toxic hepatic effects. Hemolytic effects can be pronounced in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. During therapy, all patients require frequent blood counts. 

The acute toxicity of methanethiol is similar to that of hydrogen sulfide. Inhalation of this gas can cause narcosis, headache, nausea, pulmonary irritation, and convulsions in humans. Other symptoms noted are acute hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and cyanosis. In humans, several hours exposure to about 5 ppm concentration of this gas can cause headache and nausea. Exposure to high concentrations can result in respiratory paralysis and death. The 2-hour... 

In a fatal human exposure, a worker engaged in emptying metal gas cylinders of methyl mercaptan was found comatose at the work site he developed expiratory wheezes, elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, and marked rigidity of extremities. Methemoglobinemia and severe hemolytic anemia developed with hematuria and proteinuria but were brief in duration deep coma persisted until death due to pulmonary embolus 28 days after exposure. It was determined that the individual was deficient in erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which was the likely cause of the hemolysis and formation of methemoglobin. 

Applied to the skin or eyes of rabbits, PNCB did not cause irritation it was absorbed, producing methemoglobinemia, Heinz bodies in erythroqnes, anemia, hematuria, and hemoglobinuria. The acute dermal LDso for rabbits was 3400mg/kg. 

No biomarkers of effects caused by cresols have been identified in humans or animals. It may be possible to use methemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation, which precede hemolytic anemia in humans (Chan et al. 1971 Cote et al. 1984), as biomarkers for the hemolytic effects of cresols, although these changes may be too general and occur at too high doses to be useful for this purpose. 

No biomarkers of effect have been identified for cresols. Studies designed to investigate subtle effects might discern these biomarkers, which would enable finer delineation of the dose-response relationship for an effect and allow better estimation of the levels of cresols to which people could be exposed without risk. Case reports in humans have reported methemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation that may be predictive of hemolytic anemia (Chan et al. 1971 Cote et al. 1984). 

Sax (Ref 14) considers the DNTs to be highly poisonous. They can be absorbed by the skin or inhaled causing anemia, methemoglobinemia, cyanosis and liver damage. The threshold tolerance level is 1.5mg/m3 of air. They are considered to be a moderate fire and expln hazard (Ref 23)... 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidi2er SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Ingestion of large quantities may cause gastroenteritis. Chronic exposure can cause anemia, nephritis, and methemoglobinemia. When heated, reaction with calcium hydroxide + polychlorinated phenols forms extremely toxic chlorinated benzodioxins. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE An experimental teratogen. A powerful oxidizer. Severe irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Has been implicated in aplastic anemia. Absorption can cause methemoglobinemia and kidney injury. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE Human poison by unspecified routes. Moderately toxic experimentally by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion blood hemolysis with or without anemia, methemoglobinemia-carboxyhemoglobinemia and pulmonary changes. Mutation data reported. A skin, mucous membrane, and eye irritant. Damages the red blood cells of humans when ingested. 

Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, sideroblastic anemia (17), pure red cell aplasia (18), methemoglobinemia, and eosinophilia can occur exceptionally during isoniazid treatment (SEDA-9, 268) (19). An acquired coagulation factor XIII inhibitor developed in a patient taking isoniazid and resulted in a bleeding disorder (20). 

When a local anesthetic is used for episiotomy, there is a risk that the needle will enter the child s scalp in two cases involving prilocaine, this resulted in cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, and hemolytic anemia (288). 

Hematological adverse effects of phenazopjridine include methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia, particularly after overdosage (1,2). 

Jeffery WH, Zelicoff AP, Hardy WR. Acquired methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after usual doses of phenazopyridine. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1982 16(2) 157-9. 

Dapsone (alone or in combination with pyrimethamine) can cause methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. These complications tend to be dose-related and are more often encountered in G6PD-deficient subjects (SEDA-18, 287). 

Phenacetin is harmful if swallowed or inhaled, and may cause kidney, liver, and blood disorders. It may cause methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia due to acute toxicities, but more commonly as a result of chronic overdosage. A therapeutic plasma level was less than 20 pg ml with 50-150 pg ml being toxic plasma levels in humans. 

Phenazopyridine-induced methemoglobinemia may manifest as dyspnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, dizziness, and syncope. Hemolysis may occur and result in anemia. Progressive oliguric renal failure may occur and is typically associated with methemoglobinemia and hemolysis, or with massive acute overdosage. Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclerae may occur due to deposition of this azo dye in the skin, primarily in patients with renal dysfunction. Rare cases of phenazopyridine-induced hypersensitivity hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis, and aseptic meningitis have been reported. 

ACUTE HEALTH RISKS irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory system headache nausea drowsiness vomiting cyanosis anoxia anemia methemoglobinemia. 

Levine and coworkers (1990) have conducted a 6-month oral toxicity test of TNT in beagle dogs. The major toxic effects observed were hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, liver injury, splenomegaly, and death. A dose of 32 mg/kg/day was lethal to the dogs. 

Shults et al. (1970) reported a case of a human death from overexposure to methanethiol. The victim developed acute hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia and remained in deep coma until death that occurred 28 days after the accident from emptying gas cylinders. 

The most common hematological adverse effects of dapsone are hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. Agranulocytosis [45, 46 ] can also occur, as can rarely sulfhemo-globinemia [47", 48 ], aplastic anemia [49 ], and pure red cell aplasia [5(1 ]. 

Hemodialysis Severe dapsone poisoning, which resulted in methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia, improved after hemodialysis f 60 ]. 

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