Analyzing the Requirements

The most important task in software product development is specifying the technical requirements that are derived from the user requirements. Although a user knows exactly what he expects from software, he does usually not have the skills to create a design for the software. One of the tasks in documenting the requirements is to extend incomplete specifications and to eliminate ambiguous or contradictory ones. The outcome is usually called a requirements document or release plan and contains only requirements from the user or customers in a form that allows deriving more detailed specification documents. 

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CU-ASSAYLdat (Fig. 4.40) A tablet production process was being validated samples were pulled from the beginning, the middle, and the end of the production run Components A and B were analyzed. The requirement is that the means do not significantly differ and that the CV remains below 6%. 

While analyzing the required number of sensor nodes for a given breach probability, we consider two cases of random deployment. In the first case, we assume that the sensor nodes are uniformly distributed along both the vertical and horizontal axes. In the second case, the sensor nodes are deployed uniformly along the horizontal axis and normally distributed along the vertical axis with mean M/2 and a standard deviation of 10% of the width of the field. The latter represents cases where the sensor nodes are deployed from an aircraft of a vehicle. In the... 

In common industrial and laboratory continuous analyzers, the requirements on the magnitude of the cell are not as rigorous as with chromatographic, CFA and FIA detectors and thus the construction of the detector can be quite simple. The principal requirements are a sufficiently high and reproducible flow-rate in the vicinity of the ISE membrane, good electrical connection between the ISE and the reference electrode by the flowing liquid and, when a differential circuit is not used, placement of the reference electrode after the ISE to avoid possible interference from solution leaking from the reference electrode. 

It is important to point out that every theory possesses its own advantages and disadvantages the choice of the most suitable method depends on the type of system analyzed, the required information, the level of detail in the reaction scheme, and the computational resources available. Thus, up to now there is not a unified approach that can deal with every crosslinking system, considering all the implementation difficulties and taking into account all nonidealities present in these systems, such as cyclization. A few details about each theory are offered below. 

Furthermore, the authors of this publication have analyzed the requirements to make this reaction catalytic in iodoarene. This reaction requires an oxidant that wiU oxidize iodoarenes but that does not oxidize alkenes and it is possible that no such oxidant actually exists [44], However, the catalytic variant of this aziridination has been developed more recently employing an iodide-hypoiodite catalytic cycle (Section 4.4) [45]. 

CWA A family of interrelation methods forming a framework for analyzing the requirements of large human-machine systems Work-domain analysis Organizational coordination Cognitive states, strategies, and modes... 

Methods are either valid or they are not, and it has been said that method validation is no more than the expression of the full measurement uncertainty of a method. However, historically, there are eight performance parameters that are considered to be capable of validation. These are given in Table 1. The hierarchy shows the order in which the validation parameters might be studied. For example, if the method does not actually analyze the required substance, then there is no point in worrying about precision or robustness. 

Allows system architects to perform resource allocation for processors, memory, and network bandwidth and analyze the requirements against the available resources. 

As density increases, holes in the various plates become more closely spaced. At some point, for a given plate stack-up, there is the risk that some pair of holes on the next plate will become close enough that a pin being loaded might fall into the wrong hole. At that density, the fixture software must add an additional intermediate plate to the design. Thus, denser fixtures generally require more plates. Fixture software should analyze the requirements of each fixture and delete unneeded plates. 

This model has proved to be a useful tool, both in structuring human factors training and in analyzing the requirements of legislation and the current status of organizations (Konstantinos et al., 2011). The model is used in this research to structure the analysis of the factors considered in Human Reliability Analysis tools. 

Silicon dice, lead frames, and ceramic or metal substrates have different coefficients of linear thermal expansion ot that can cause significant normal and shear stresses after the adhesive layer has been cured, as well as throughout the life of the device during power cycling. The coefficient of thermal expansion must be determined from — 65 to 150°C or to the glass transition temperature and above the Tg. The specification requires the determination of the CTE in accordance with ASTM D3386. This is done to incorporate the use of thermomechanical analyzers. The requirements are a CTE < 6.5 X 10 K from — 65°C to the glass transition temperature and a value < 3.0 X 10 " K above the T . The coefficients of linear... 

Analyzing the target molecule in this way reveals that the required alkyl halide IS an a halo ketone Thus a suitable starting material would be bromomethyl phenyl ketone... 

Caffeine, benzoic acid, and aspartame in soft drinks are analyzed by three methods. Using several methods to analyze the same sample provides students with the opportunity to compare results with respect to accuracy, volume of sample required, ease of performance, sample throughput, and detection limit. 

Transmission electron microscopy (tern) is used to analyze the stmcture of crystals, such as distinguishing between amorphous siUcon dioxide and crystalline quartz. The technique is based on the phenomenon that crystalline materials are ordered arrays that scatter waves coherently. A crystalline material diffracts a beam in such a way that discrete spots can be detected on a photographic plate, whereas an amorphous substrate produces diffuse rings. Tern is also used in an imaging mode to produce images of substrate grain stmctures. Tern requires samples that are very thin (10—50 nm) sections, and is a destmctive as well as time-consuming method of analysis. 

Pilot-plant design specifications should be estabUshed only after careful consideration of the experimental program because decisions on the accuracy of instmments, analyzers, and other equipment should be based on the requirements of the experiments planned for the unit. FlexibiUty and versatihty ate important but costly when provided unnecessarily or too profusely they can result in a unit that is difficult or impossible to operate successfully... 

Continuous Emissions Monitoring. A key aspect of the new CAAA is the requirement that plants prove their continued compHance to new emissions limits by installing continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMs). The CAAA imposes new requirements for monitoring NO, SO2, and CO2 levels in a plant s exhaust gas stream. Affected plants typically must gather data from stack monitoring systems, gas analyzers, and the plant s data acquisition system and provide the data in a format approved by the EPA and state regulators. CEM systems must be in place by November 1993 for boilers affected by Phase I of the CAAA, and byjanuary 1995 for plants impacted by Phase II. 

There is a unique d value which produces a fine stream having a specific 95% passing size from a feed stream. The feed size distribution should analyze at least 50% less than the 95% passing size of the product (5). However, the necessary d value varies with the sharpness index value. In general, the required d decreases, as the sharpness index decreases (eq. 2) ... 

The evaluation of metrological characteristics of the technique, perfonued with minerals of different composition, showed that technique developed for reliability and precision satisfies the requirements offered for quantitative determinations, category II. The detection limits are acceptable for solving the problems posed and amount to 0.1 - 0.4 wt. %, depending on the element analyzed. 

The tolling team has analyzed the hazards, addressed the risks and modifications using a management of change system, revised and written procedures, trained the workers, performed a PSSR, and completed any required test runs. The pre-startup phase is complete at this point. 

In any case, like frequency analysis, examining the uncertainties and sensitivities of the results to changes in boundary conditions and assumptions provides greater perspective. The level of effort required for a consequence analysis will be a function of the number of different accident scenarios being analyzed the number of effects the accident sequence produces and the detail with which the release, dispersion, and effects on the targets of interest is estimated. The cost of the consequence analysis can typically be 25% to 50% of the total cost of a large QRA. 

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