Analysis of marine particles

In seawater, most TE occur primarily as dissolved including colloidal species ( 0.45 or 0.4 pm see Chapter 2). Therefore, in the analysis of TE filtration is often avoided, to minimize contamination or losses due to adsorption. Exceptions are made, however, when the suspended particulate matter (SPM) itself or selected elements are studied for which the particulate species constitute a significant fraction of the total concentration in seawater (c.g., Fe, Pb). The SPM should also be separated when its concentration increases to 1 mg/L and thus impacts the accuracy and precision of the methods used to determine the dissolved TE fractions. Higher SPM concentrations are often observed in mixing zones of estuaries, in coastal waters, in the euphotic layer during plankton blooms or in intermediate turbidity layers and close to the bottom. Particle fluxes of TE in the ocean are best measured directly with sediment traps deployed at different water depths (see Chapter 1). 

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CONTENTS 1. Basic Principles (J. W. Robinson). 2. Instrumental Requirements and Optimisation (J. E. Cantle). 3. Practical Techniques (J. E. Cantle). 4a. Water and Effluents (B. J. Farey and L A. Nelson). 4b. Marine Analysis by AAS (H. Haraguchi and K. Fuwa). 4c. Analysis of Airborne Particles in the Workplace and Ambient Atmospheres (T.J. Kneip and M. T. Kleinman). 4d. Application of AAS to the Analysis of Foodstuffs (M. Ihnat). 4e. Applications of AAS in Ferrous Metallurgy (K. Ohis and D. Sommer). 4f. The Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals by AAS (F.J. Bano). 4g. Atomic Absorption Methods in Applied Geochemistry (M. Thompson and S. J. Wood). 4h. Applications of AAS in the Petroleum Industry W. C. Campbell). 4i. Methods forthe Analysis of Glasses and Ceramics by Atomic Spectroscopy (W. M. Wise et al.). 4j. Clinical Applications of Flame Techniques (B.E. Walker). 4k. Elemental Analysis of Body Fluids and Tissues by Electrothermal Atomisation and AAS (H. T. Delves). 4I. Forensic Science (U. Dale). 4m. Fine, Industrial and Other Chemicals. Subject Index. (All chapters begin with an Introduction and end with References.)... 

Alldredge A.L. 1991. In situ collection and laboratory analysis of marine snow and large fecal pellets. In Hurd D.C. and Spencer D.W. (Eds.), Marine Particles Analysis and Characterization. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 43-56. 

The prineipal eonstituent of marine particles are sea salt, non-sea-salt sulfate (nss sulfate), and mineral dust (38). The nss sulfate has both a continental and marine souree and is derived from homogeneous nucleation and diffusive mass transport proeesses of aerosol precursor gases, such as SO2 and NH3. Numerous studies have shown that the accumulation mode in clean marine air is predominately composed of nss sulfate. Its concentration decreases from coastal regions of the continents to the remote areas of the oceans. Single-particle analysis by electron microscopy showed that most of the particles are morphologically similar to (NH4)2S04 (39,40). Also a small number of H2SO4 particles were found. 

Normal-phase HPLC has also found application in the analysis of pigments in marine sediments and water-column particulate matter. Sediments were extracted twice with methanol and twice with dichloromethane. The combined extracts were washed with water, concentrated under vacuum and redissolved in acetone. Nomal-phase separation was performed with gradient elution solvents A and B being hexane-N,N-disopropylethylamine (99.5 0.5, v/v) and hexane-2-propanol (60 40, v/v), respectively. Gradient conditions were 100 per cent A, in 0 min 50 per cent A, in 10 min 0 per cent A in 15 min isocratic, 20 min. Preparative RP-HPLC was carried out in an ODS column (100 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 3 jum). Solvent A was methanol-aqueous 0.5 N ammonium acetate (75 25, v/v), solvent B methanol-acetone (20 80, v/v). The gradient was as follows 0 min, 60 per cent A 40 per cent A over 2 min 0 per cent A over 28 min isocratic, 30 min. The same column and mobile phase components were applied for the analytical separation of solutes. The chemical structure and retention time of the major pigments are compiled in Table 2.96. 

Calhoun, J. A., T. S. Bates, and R. J. Charlson, Sulfur Isotope Measurements of Submicrometer Sulfate Aerosol Particles over the Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett, 18, 1877-1880 (1991). Capaldo, K. P., and S. N. Pandis, Dimethylsulfide Chemistry in the Remote Marine Atmosphere Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of Available Mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23251-23267 (1997). 

In this study we have employed the simultaneous collection of atmospheric particles and gases followed by multielement analysis as an approach for the determination of source-receptor relationships. A number of particulate tracer elements have previously been linked to sources (e.g., V to identify oil-fired power plant emissions, Na for marine aerosols, and Pb for motor vehicle contribution). Receptor methods commonly used to assess the interregional impact of such emissions include chemical mass balances (CMBs) and factor analysis (FA), the latter often including wind trajectories. With CMBs, source-strengths are determined (1) from the relative concentrations of marker elements measured at emission sources. When enough sample analyses are available, correlation calculations from FA and knowledge of source-emission compositions may identify groups of species from a common source type and identify potential marker elements. The source composition patterns are not necessary as the elemental concentrations in each sample are normalized to the mean value of the element. Recently a hybrid receptor model was proposed by Lewis and Stevens (2) in which the dispersion, deposition, and conversion characteristics of sulfur species in power-plant emissions... 

Fox, L. E. (1991). Determination of aquatic humic acid carbon and nitrogen by high temperature combustion. In Marine Particle Analysis and Characterization (Hurd, D. C., and Spencer, D. W., eds.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 

Clarke AD, Davis D, Kapustin VN, Eisele F, Chen G, Paluch I, Lenschow D, Bandy AR, Thornton D, Moore K, Mauldin L, Tanner D, Litchy M, Carroll MA, Collins J, Albercook G (1998) Particle nucleation in the tropical boundaiy layer and its coupling to marine sulfur sources. Science 282 89-92 Clarke AD, Kapustin, Eisele FL, Weber RJ, McMuny PH (1999) Particle production near marine clouds Sulfuric acid and predictions from classical binary nucleation. Geophys Res Lett 26 2425-2428 Clegg SL, Brimblecombe P, Wexler AS (1998) Thermodynamic model of the system H -NH/-Na -S04 -NO3 -CI -H2O at 298.15 K. JPhys Chem. A 102 2155-2171 Clement CF, Piijola L, dal Maso M, Ma kela JM, Kulmala M (2001) Analysis of particle formation bursts observed in Finland. J Aerosol Sci 32 217-236... 

Hayes MHB, MacCarthy P, Malcolm RL, Swift RG (1989) Structm-es of hmnic substances the emergence of forms . In Hayes MHB, MacCarthy P, Malcolm RL, Swift RS (eds) Humic substances II in search of structme. Wiley, New York, p 690 Amador JA, MUne PJ, Moore CA, Zika RG (1990) Mar Chem 27 147 Benner R (1991) Ultrafiltration for the concentration of bacteria, viruses and dissolved organic matter. In Hurd DC, Spencer DW (eds) Marine particles analysis and characterization. Geophysics. Monograph 63, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, p 181 Chin Y-P, Aiken G, O Loughlin E (1994) Env Sci Tech 28 1853... 

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