Microflora

Sulfur deficiency usually is not a problem for mminants because the mminal microflora can utilize sulfur-containing amino acids. A deficiency can occur, however, when an NPN source is fed. L-Methionine [63-68-3] is the most biologically available source of sulfur (21). Various sulfates are intermediate in sulfur avadabiHty, and elemental sulfur is the least available source of sulfur. 

Saponins dismpt red blood cells and may produce diarrhea and vomiting. They may also have a beneficial effect by complexing with cholesterol [57-88-5] and thus lowering semm cholesterol levels (24,25). In humans, intestinal microflora seem to either destroy saponins or inactivate them in small concentrations. 

Important physical and functional properties of maltose and maltose symps include sweetness, viscosity, color stabiUty, humectancy, freezing point depression, and promotion of beneficial human intestinal microflora growth. Maltose possesses ca 30—40% of the sweetness of sucrose in the pure state (32). 

The penicillins as natural and semisynthetic agents are used primarily against susceptible Pasteurella sp., staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, and CoTynebacterium sp. Penicillin is widely used for therapeutic purposes against these organisms and in animal feeds as a growth promoter. The latter effect is considered to be a result of subtie and reversible effects on the gastrointestinal microflora. 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

D. F. Hentges, ed., Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, Academic Press, New York, 1983. 

The effects of drugs in animals are usually concentration dependent and are also often animal species and site-of-action dependent " " " thus the compounds may be present naturally in diets at low levels and produce no obvious adverse effects, either on the animal, gut microflora, meat, milk or eggs. The main purpose of the use of drugs in animal feeds is to improve the animal health and welfare and often to improve growth at minimum cost to the producer.In the case of naturally produced compounds that may occur in the feedstuff s of animals, these compounds may impair animal health and performance as well as cause im-... 

Ingested plant metabolites, drugs and other compounds are processed both by the animal and by the microbial flora of the gut. The composition and activities of the gut microflora vary greatly from one animal species to another and have been very extensively reviewed." In true ruminants (sheep, cattle and deer) and in functional ruminants, such as camels and llamas, a mixed population of bacteria,... 

In essence, what was happening was that the CSL supplied P phenylethylamine. This had been produced from the amino add phenylalanine by the action of the microflora in the CSL. Thus ... 

Compared with tar, which has a relatively short lifetime in the marine environment, the residence times of plastic, glass and non-corrodible metallic debris are indefinite. Most plastic articles are fabricated from polyethylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride. With molecular weights ranging to over 500,000, the only chemical reactivity of these polymers is derived from any residual unsaturation and, therefore, they are essentially inert chemically and photochemically. Further, since indigenous microflora lack the enzyme systems necessary to degrade most of these polymers, articles manufactured from them are highly resistant or virtually immune to biodegradation. That is, the properties that render plastics so durable... 

Damage to epicuticular waxes Altered photosynthesis Increased water loss Accumulation of acidic anions Leaching of ions, sugars, etc. Mineral imbalances Altered metabolism Increased susceptibility to winter freezing injury Death of fine roots Destabilization of trees Reduced water/mineral uptake Reduced water uptake Cations leached below roots Accumulation of acidic anions Altered structure/texture Altered microflora Reduced litter decomposition Altered N transformations Solubilization of metal ions... 

Accumulation in soil solutions Altered microflora Reduced litter decomposion Metal ions accumulate Reduced water/mineral uptake Reduction in mycorrhizae Reduced vigor/resistance... 

P. acnes is an anaerobic diphteroid that populates the androgen-stimulated sebaceous follicles and is a normal constituent of the cutaneous microflora even if acne is not infectious, the commensal P. acnes acts in acne pathogenesis. Three pieces of evidence support the role of P. acnes in acne 1) higher counts of P. acnes in individuals with acne than in those without acne 2) correlation between the reduction of P. acnes counts and the clinical improvement of the disease and 3) correlation between development of acne and presence of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes organisms. P. acnes products mediate the formation of comedones and contribute to their rupture, leading to extrusion of... 

Paekaging material has a dual role and aets both to eontain the produet and to prevent the entry of microot nisms or moisture wMeh may resrrlt in spoilage, and it is therefore important that the sotrrce of contamination is not the packaging itself. The microflora of packaging materials is dependent upon both its eomposition and storage eonditions. This, and a consideration of the type of pharmaeeutioal product to be packed, determine whether a sterilization treatment is required. 

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