Munitions compounds

Funk SB, DJ Roberts, DL Crawford, RL Crawford (1993) Initial-phase optimization for bioremediation of munition compound-contaminated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 2171-2177. 

The Rvalues are partition coefficients. The assumption that these are real constants Is seldom completely true, of course, because equilibrium Is rarely achieved and because the equilibrium ratios generally are not the same for all concentration levels. Moreover, It Is difficult to find the needed Information, and one must often accept a single literature value as typical of a given Intermedia transfer. When the organic content of the soli Is known or can be accurately estimated, one can usually derive Kgw from a compound s aqueous solubility, S, or Its octanol/water partition coefficient, KQW (14) Values of Kpa, namely "bloconcentratlon factors" between feed and meat animals (15,16), can also be derived from S or KQW. Bloconcentratlon factors between water and fish are well documented (14) A considerable weakness exists In our perception of the proper estimates to use for partition coefficients between soli and edible crop materials. Thus, at one time, two of the present authors used a default value of Kgp = 1 for munitions compounds that are neither very soluble In water nor very Insoluble (4) at another time, a value of was assumed for compounds with very low values of Ksw, l.e., polybromoblphenyls (6). 

Draft of "Recommended Interim Environmental Criteria for Six Munitions Compounds," prepared by Jack C. Dacre, circa August 1980. 

The determination of explosives in soils has been mostly commonly associated with the detection of unexploded ordnance such as land mines (both anti-personnel and anti-tank). Chambers et al. [70] designed sampling subsystems for soil/vapor sampling. A probe was used to extract and concentrate vapors of explosives in the pore volume of soil in the vicinity of land mines with sub-part-per-biUion detection limits for TNT and related explosive munitions compounds [70]. As an... 

Army. 1982. Microbial interactions with several munitions compounds 1,3-Dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and 3,5-trinitroaniline. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick. Document no. AD All6651. 

Levine BS, et ah Two-year chronic oral toxi-city/carcinogenicity study on the munitions compound trinitrotoluene (TNT) in rats. Toxicohffst 5 (ahstr 697)175, 1985... 

Anaerobic slurry reactors have recently been developed to treat soil contaminated with compounds such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and other munitions compounds that are more readily degraded anaerobically than aerobically. The time frame for... 

C.-C. Lee et al, Mammalian Toxicity of Munitions Compounds. Phase II Effects of Multiple Doses. Part III 2.6-Dinitro-toluene , Final Rept No 4, Contract DAMD 17-74-C4073, Midwest Res Inst, Kansas City,... 

Bird S. 1991. White phosphorus poisoning of birds at Eagle River Flats in Alaska The role of munitions compounds. Presented at Caribbean HAZTECH International Conference and Exhibition, San Juan, PR, Nov. 13-15, 1991. 

Ellis HV, Hodgson JR, Hwang SW, et al. 1978. Mammalian toxicity of munitions compounds. Phase I Acute oral toxicity, primary skin and eye irritation, dermal sensitization, disposition and metabolism and Ames tests of additional compounds. NTIS/AD-A069 333. [Unpublished study to be peer-reviewed],... 

Lee CC, Dilley JV, Hodgson JR, et al. 1975. Mammalian toxicity of munition compounds ... 

Hale, V.Q., Stanford, T.B., Taft, L.G. (1979) Evaluation of the environmental fate of munition compound in soil. Final Report AD-A082874, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD. 1979. 

Army. 1979. Evaluation of the environmental fate of munition compounds in soil. Frederick, MD ... 

Fuller, M.E. and Manning, J.F. (1998) Evidence of differential effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other munitions compounds on specific sub-populations of soil microbial communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 2185-2195. 

Lee, C.C., Dilley, J.V., and Hodgson, J.S., Mammalian Toxicity of Munition Compounds Phase 1. Acute Oral Toxicity, Primary Skin and Eye Irritation, Dermal Sensitization and Disposition and Metabolism, Environmental Protection Research Division, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Washington, DC, 1975. 

Anaerobic Microflora Funk, Roberts, Cranford, and Crawford examined the bioremediation of soils contaminated with the munition compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine, and octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetraacocine by a procedure that produced anaerobic conditions in the soils and promoted biodegradation of nitroaromatic contaminants. This procedure consisted of flooding the soils with 50 mM phosphate buffer, adding starch as a supplemental carbon substrate, and incubating under static conditions. Aerobic heterotrophs, present naturally in the soil or added as an inoculum, quickly removed the oxygen from the static cultures, creating anaerobic conditions. Removal of parent TNT molecules from the soil cultures by the strictly anaerobic microflora occurred within four days. 

Presently there are no integrated methods which are applicable to the remediation of UXO, munitions compounds and heavy metals simultaneously. Safety concerns associated with UXO have limited contaminated soil remediation activities. 

Levine BS, Furedi EM, Gordon DE, et al. 1990. Toxic interactions of the munitions compounds TNT and RDX in F344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15 373-380. 

Talmage SS et al., Nitroaromatic munition compounds Environmental effects and screening values, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 161, 1, 1999. 

In an effort to test the system and to generate preliminary data on the toxicity of munition compounds to reptiles, acute oral toxicity studies on TNT, DNT, and RDX were conducted using Western fence lizards (S. occidentalis) [60], All three compounds were administered via gavage in a com oil vehicle. Table 7.1 shows the median lethal dose (LD50) for lizards orally exposed to these common munition compounds. Based on these data, RDX is relatively more toxic to fence lizards than TNT and DNT. Males appear more sensitive to RDX than females, while females are more sensitive to DNT than males, although generalizations on the relative sensitivity of males and females should be approached with caution. Overall, these data suggest that RDX is most toxic, and DNT and TNT are less toxic. 

George SE, Huggins-Clark G, and Brooks LR, Use of Salmonella microsuspension bioassay to detect the mutagenicity of munitions compounds at low concentrations, Mut. Res., 490, 45, 2001. 

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