Amphoteric surfactants properties

Uses Detergent, emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agent for household/industrial cleaners, hand cleaners, It.-duty detergents, dishwash, glass/floor/wall tile cleaners, disinfecting cleaners, acid and alkaline metal cleaners and sanitary cleaners, all-purpose cleaners, bottle cleaners, insecticides Features Stable to water hardness, dil. acid and caustic sol ns. compat. with nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants Properties Paste dens. 0.962-0.966 g/cm (70 C) FILB 13.0 solid, pt, 22-25 C ... 

Uses Surfactant, detergent, and foaming agent for iiq. hand dishwashing detergents, shampoos, hand soaps, iiq. and powdered bubbie baths Features Compat. with most anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants Properties Ci. iiq. sp. gr. 1.05 Brookfieid vise. 120 mPa.s 38% cone. 

Features Compat with anionics, cationics, nonionics, and amphoteric surfactants Properties APHA 100 max. cl. liq. sp.gr. 0.96 peroxide no. 100 max.flash pt. >... 

Uses Surface modifier, soil release agent tor automatic-dish washing detergents Features Not compat. with anionic surfactants compat. with common nonionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactants Properties Wh. gran. dens. 0.3-0.5 16-20% act. 

Features High compat. with anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants Properties Dk. yel. si. vise, liq, mild ammoniacal odor water-sol. sp.gr. 0.99 pH 7.0 70% NV in propylene glycol Necon SOGU [AIzo]... 

Uses Surfactant, wetting agent, penetrant, emulsifier in laundry detergents, tub and tile cleaners, metal cleaners, disinfectants and sanitizers Features Compat. with nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactants Properties APHA color 100 max. mild odor sp.gr. 0.99 pour pt. -5 C cloud pt. (1% aq.) 42 C flash pt. 182 C pH (1% aq.) 7 surface tens. (0.1%) 28 dynes/cm interfacial tens. (0.1% vs. mineral oil) 6 dynes/cm 100% act. 

Features Extremely mild to skin exc. lime soap dispersion properties increases cleansing props, of surfactants, esp. when combined with amphoteric surfactants Properties Liq. 39% act. 

Uses SurfaclanL wetting agent, emulsifier, foaming agent Features Compat. with most nonionic, anionic, amphoteric surfactant Properties Dens. = 1 vise. < 200 mPa-s pour pt. > 0 C pH (10% sol n) 6 4-7.5 Storage Store in dosed containers < 40 C protect trom fiest Sulfotex 700 [Cognis/Care Chems. Cognis Canada]... 

Uses Surfactant for detergent sanitizers, household prods Features Tolerant against hard water good cleaning properties economical dosage safe handling compat. with cationic, nonionic, amphoteric surfactants Properties Yellowish liq. 30% act. 

Features No foaming inhibits conosion towards tinplated iron compat. with anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactants Properties Cl., yel.-bm. liq. disp. in water sol. in alcohols, oils, hydrocarbons HLB 6.0 = 100%... 

Many of the surfactants made from ethyleneamines contain the imidazoline stmcture or are prepared through an imidazoline intermediate. Various 2-alkyl-imidazolines and their salts prepared mainly from EDA or monoethoxylated EDA are reported to have good foaming properties (292—295). Ethyleneamine-based imida zolines are also important intermediates for surfactants used in shampoos by virtue of their mildness and good foaming characteristics. 2- Alkyl imidazolines made from DETA or monoethoxylated EDA and fatty acids or their methyl esters are the principal commercial intermediates (296—298). They are converted into shampoo surfactants commonly by reaction with one or two moles of sodium chloroacetate to yield amphoteric surfactants (299—301). The ease with which the imidazoline intermediates are hydrolyzed leads to arnidoamine-type stmctures when these derivatives are prepared under aqueous alkaline conditions. However, reaction of the imidazoline under anhydrous conditions with acryflc acid [79-10-7] to make salt-free, amphoteric products, leaves the imidazoline stmcture essentially intact. Certain polyamine derivatives also function as water-in-oil or od-in-water emulsifiers. These include the products of a reaction between DETA, TETA, or TEPA and fatty acids (302) or oxidized hydrocarbon wax (303). The amidoamine made from lauric acid [143-07-7] and DETA mono- and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is a very effective water-in-od emulsifier (304). 

As mentioned in Table 8.1, amphoteric surfactants contain both an anionic and a cationic group. In acidic media they tend to behave as cationic agents and in alkaline media as anionic agents. Somewhere between these extremes lies what is known as the isoelectric point (not necessarily, or even commonly, at pH 7), at which the anionic and cationic properties are counterbalanced. At this point the molecule is said to be zwitterionic and its surfactant properties and solubility tend to be at their lowest. These products have acquired a degree of importance as auxiliaries in certain ways [20-25], particularly as levelling agents in the application of reactive dyes to wool. 

High polarity is one of the reasons why both the ionic and amphoteric surfactants, and especially their metabolites, are difficult to detect. This property, however, is important for the application tasks of surface-active compounds, but is also the reason for their high water solubility. Due to this fact, their extraction and concentration from the water phase, which can be carried out in a number of very different ways, is not always straightforward. Furthermore, they are often not volatile without decomposition, which thus prevents application of gas chromatographic (GC) separation techniques combined with appropriate detection. This very effective separation method in environmental analysis is thus applicable only for short-chain surfactants and their metabolites following derivatisation of the various polar groups in order to improve their volatility. 

Even if this class covers the smallest market segment, amphoteric surfactants still remain useful because of their unique properties, which justifies their comparably high manufacturing costs. Since they have partial anionic and cationic character, they can be compatible, under specific conditions, with both anionic and cationic surfactants. They can function in acid or basic pH systems and, at their isoelectric point, they exhibit special behaviour. Many amphoteric surfactants demonstrate exceptional foaming and detergency properties combined with antistatic effects. 

A broad range of silicone surfactants are commercially available, representing all of the structural classes—anionic, non-ionic, cationic, and amphoteric. The silicone moiety is lyophobic, i.e. lacking an affinity for a medium, and surfactant properties are achieved by substitution of lyophilic groups to this backbone. The most common functionalities used are polyethylene glycols however, a broad range exist, as shown in Table 2.8.1 [2,3]. 

Although these surfactants represent less than 1% of the U.S. production of surfactants, the market use is increasing dramatically because of their unique properties [353]. Of particular importance is the synergistic effect that amphoteric surfactants have when used in conjunction with other types of surfactants. The non-eye-stinging characteristic of these compounds has been responsible for the upsurge in the baby shampoo market over time [354,355]. 

As previously mentioned, amphoteric surfactants presently represent a minor fraction of the total surfactants production with only specialty uses. They are compounds with both anionic and cationic properties in aqueous solutions, depending on the pH of the system in which they work. The main types of these compounds are essentially analogs of linear alkane sulfonates, which provide numerous points for the initiation of biodegradation, and pyridinium compounds that... 

Surfactants are usually classified into three main groups—i.e., anionic, cationic, and nonionic, depending on their ionic nature in solution. A fourth group is sometimes included, and these are called amphoteric surfactants, which show both anionic and cationic properties depending on pH. 

The change in charge with pH of amphoteric surfactants affects their properties, such as wetting, detergency, and foaming. Atthe i.e.p., the properties of amphoterics resemble those of nonionics very closely, but below and above the i.e.p. the properties shift towards those of cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. Zwitterionic surfactants have excellent dermatological properties, and also exhibit low eye irritation consequently, they are frequently used in shampoos and other personal care products (e.g., cosmetics). 

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