Poultry amino acid supplies

Because of the simplicity of swiae and poultry feeds, most feed manufacturers add vitamins (qv) and trace minerals to ensure an adequate supply of essential nutrients. Amino acids (qv) such as methionine [7005-18-7] lysiae [56-87-17, threonine [36676-50-3] and tryptophan [6912-86-3], produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation (qv), are used to fortify swiae and poultry diets. The use of these supplements to provide the essential amino acids permits diets with lower total cmde proteia coateat. 

The provision of sufficient supplies of essential amino acids for poultry is a specific organic farming issue and results from (i) an insufficient supply of suitable protein crops (especially organically grown soya) for the expanding organic poultry sector and (ii) the prohibition (or restrictions) on the use of... 

Acidic and basic amino acids, like glutaric acid, aspartic acid and lysine, are also isolated from protein hydrolysates for artificial nutrition. The fractions are filtered off under sterile conditions and further purified by crystallisation. Since the BSE crisis, the supply with amino acids has come under scrutiny manufacturers had to assure regulators and customers likewise, that their starting material does not originate from cattle. Mostly used are poultry feathers and pork gelatine. [62]... 

Pig and poultry diets based on cereals and vegetable protein sources are now routinely supplemented with L-lysine hydrochloride (supplying 780 g lysine/kg), dl-methionine and L-threonine. A diet for a finishing pig, which has to contain 10 g lysine/kg, required a combination of 750 g barley and 250 g soya bean meal/kg, and this mix has a crude protein content of 185 g/kg (see Appendix 2, Table A.2.2.2). With the inclusion of 2 g of lysine hydrochloride, the same lysine content can be achieved with a mix of 808 g barley and 190 g soya bean meal, and the protein content is reduced to 165 g/kg. Such reductions in crude protein content have maintained a balanced supply of amino acids and resulted in improved rates of liveweight gain and food conversion efficiency. It is important that the supplementary acids are not used excessively to satisfy the animal s requirements, since this may bring about an undersupply of other essential amino acids. 

Not only are meat and animal by-products good, but they are good for you. Foods from animals are the most nutritionally complete known. Today, they (meat, poultry, fish, and milk) supply to the U.S. diet an average of 95% of the vitamin B-12, 79% of the calcium (mostly from milk and milk products), 55% of the riboflavin, 63% of the protein, 64% of the phosphorus, 51% of the vitamin B-6, 46% of the niacin, 36% of the vitamin A, 33% of the thiamin, 25% of the iron (in a readily absorbed form), and 34% of the magnesium. Additionally, animal proteins provide the nine essential amino acids in the proportions needed for humans hence, they are high quality proie ms. 

The estimated annual world production of L-lysine is around 500,000 t, almost all supplied by Ajinomoto, Kyowa Hakko Kogyou, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), and Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik (BASF). t-Lysine (an essential amino acid for swine and poultry) is useful as an additive to feeds such as grains and defatted soybeans, which contain less lysine. 

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