Amino acid compounds derived from

Serum creatinine is an amino acid compound derived from the metabolism of creatine in skeletal muscle and from dietary meat intake [35]. The serum creatinine concentration (Scr) is a commonly used marker for the estimation of adequate renal function due to the fact that it is released into the plasma at a relatively constant rate, is freely filtered by the glomerulus, and is not metabolized nor reabsorbed by the kidney. Various reference ranges for the Scr take into consideration differences in age and gender (Table 5), but fail to consider other variables such as race, body weight and muscle mass. As a result, a Scr within the reference... 

Pulcherrimine is a new sulfur amino acid formally derived from thioglyceric acid and 2-piperidine carboxylic acid. This original compound is responsible for the bitter taste of sea urchin ovaries, which are sometimes... 

The effects of glyphosate on phenolic compound production are two-fold 1) accumulation of phenolic compounds that are derivatives of aromatic amino acids is reduced and 2) pools of phenolic compounds derived from constituents of the shikimate pathway prior to 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate become larger. Assays that do not distinguish between effects on these two groups, such as that for hydroxyphenolics of Singleton and Rossi (18), can lead to equivocal and difficult to interpret results (e.g. 3-5). 

Many secondary phenolic compounds are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine and therefore contain an aromatic ring and a three-carbon side chain (see Fig. 3.3). Phenylalanine is the primary substrate for phenylpropanoid synthesis in most higher vascular plants, with tyrosine being used to a lesser extent in some plants. Because of their common structure, compounds derived from these amino acids are collectively called phenylpropanoids. 

Tyramine (4-hydroxy-phenethylamine, para-tyramine, / -tyramine) A phenolic amine CgHnNO, a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. 

Recently, the possibility to use C60 as anti-inflammatory compound has been reported (Huang et al., 2008). Fullerene-xanthine hybrids have been studied to determine if nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages can be inhibited by hybrid administration, finding positive results. The presence of xanthine moiety seems to be essential for the inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-a production, while the fullerene portion ameliorates the efficiency in LPS-induced NO production blockage, leading to a new promising class of potent anti-inflammatoiy agents. It is necessary to mention also the opposite results obtained by an amino acid fullerene derivative tested on human epidermal keratinocytes at concentration from 0.4 to 400 pg/mL. 

Pll The asymmetric synthesis of a-amino acids and derivatives is an important topic as a result of their extensive use in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals and as chiral ligands. Many highly enantioselective approaches have been reported. Industrial production of a-amino acids via the Strecker reaction is historically one of the most versatile methods to obtain these compounds in a cost-effective manner, making use of inexpensive and easily accessible starting materials. (From Boesten et al., 2001)... 

Protoalkaloids are compounds, in which the N atom derived from an amino acid is not a part of the heterocyclic. Such kinds of alkaloid include compounds derived from L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan (see Table 1). Protoalkaloids are those... 

Essential oils consist of volatile, lipophilic substances that are mainly hydrocarbons or monofunctional compounds derived from the metabolism of mono- and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, amino acids (lower mass aliphatic compounds), and fatty acids (long-chain aliphatic compounds). Unlike fatty oils, essential oils do not leave a grease stain when dabbed on filter paper. 

Different syntheses of y-amino-/3-ketoeter derivatives from iV-protected L-aminoacids by Al,Al -carbonyldiimidazole activation and treatment with the magnesium enolate of hydrogen ethyl malonate are described. These compounds are useful intermediates in the preparation of active amino acid analogues, as illustrated and summarized in equation 103. 

About 100 different small peptides serve as plant signals, and both plants and animals use compounds derived from aromatic amino acids as signals. 

We use sugar amino add as a fundional, sucdnct classification term, although a plethora of terms have been proposed in the literature for compounds derived from Saa. These include saccharide-peptide hybrids, glycosamino adds, peptidosaccharides, sac-charopeptides, amide-linked carbohydrates, and carbopeptoids, although the latter compounds most often do not have a peptoid functionality. In some cases Saa are linked to each other, in other cases to amino acids. 

The values of 7r are derived from the transfer of a side chain from water to a hydrophobic solvent and so measure the relative energies of solvation of water relative to the organic solvent. R. Wolfenden and coworkers have measured the incremental free energies of transfer of amino acid side chains from water to near vacuum (low gas pressures) by measuring the vapor pressure of a series of substituted compounds (Table 11.5). These numbers are useful in understanding, foj example, how mutations in proteins affect the energies of the denatured state (Chapter 17). 

Biosynthesis of Polyketides Phenolic Compounds derived from Shikimate. The Biosynthesis of CB - Cjg Terpenoid Compounds Trrterpenoids Steroids, and Carotenoids Non-protein Amino-acids, Cyanogenic Glycosides, and Glucosinolates Biosynihesis of Alkaloids. 

The production of humic substances by microorganisms is an extracellular process, because the enzymes are secreted into the external solution that contains the phenolic compounds derived from lignin and tannic acid degradation and microbial and plant metabolites. These phenolic compounds can then be enzymatically oxidized to quinones, which can undergo further polymerization or polycondensation reactions with other biomolecules (e.g., amino acids) to form humic polymers (Stevenson, 1994 Bollag et al., 1998 Burton, 2003). 

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