Anti-inflammatoiy agents

Recently, the possibility to use C60 as anti-inflammatory compound has been reported (Huang et al., 2008). Fullerene-xanthine hybrids have been studied to determine if nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages can be inhibited by hybrid administration, finding positive results. The presence of xanthine moiety seems to be essential for the inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-a production, while the fullerene portion ameliorates the efficiency in LPS-induced NO production blockage, leading to a new promising class of potent anti-inflammatoiy agents. It is necessary to mention also the opposite results obtained by an amino acid fullerene derivative tested on human epidermal keratinocytes at concentration from 0.4 to 400 pg/mL. 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoiy agents (NSAIDS) (e.g., indomethacin and salicylates)... 

Somatic pain is pain occurring from skeletal muscles, fascia, ligaments, vessels and joint. Somatic pain is an aching, throbbing pain over the affected area. Somatic pain is best treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoiy agents. 

McElnay JC, D Arcy PFD. Displacement of albimin-bound warfarin by anti-inflammatoiy agents in vitro. JPharm Pharmacol ( 9Z0) 32,709-11. 

Anti-TNFa mAbs are powerful anti-inflammatoiy agents with proven efficacy in RA High dose intravenous treatment produces rapid disease improvement but repeated therapies can lead to significant inunimosuppression with the risk of infection. Frequent subcutaneous low dose treatment may be a safer alternative since the immune response can recover quickly once anti-TNFa mAb therapy is stopped. 

Pyrimidine is an important heterocycle with a variety of biological activities. They are closely related to nucleic acids since they are very mueh alike in stmeture to the pyrimidine bases [93]. Perhaps, because of this straetural similarity, eompounds with such heterocycles in their molecular structure were reported as antitumor, interferon inducer, antiviral, antihypertensive, hypoglyeemie, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatoiy agents [94]. 

Stabilization of lysosomal membranes has been implicated as an Important mechanism of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid and acetylsallcylic acid Inhibit the release of acid phosphatase and 8-glucuronidase from Isolated rat liver lysosomes incubated in buffered sucrose (pH 7. ). In acidic sucrose (pH 5), acetyl-salicylic acid enhances lysosomal enzyme release. Acetylsallcylic acid indomethacin and phenylbutazone do not stabilize rabbit liver lysosomes In vitro stabilization of isolated erythrocytes against hypotonic hemolysis and heat-induced hemolysis " by non-steroidal anti-inflammatoiy agents has been employed as a rapid, accurate screening model. The stabilizing potency apparently correlates with the clinical activities of standard anti-rheumatic drugs. 

Polysaccharides also contribute to various physiological activities in human beings as antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatoiy agents, and can act as inducers for interferon, platelet aggregation inhibition, and colony stimulating factor synthesis [29]. 

Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion is an important event which can be initiated by tissue injury or infection and is involved in metastasis. One such adhesion process is the interaction between the glycoprotein E-selectin and oligosaccharides on the surface of neutrophils (white blood cells). The ligand that E-selectin recognizes is the tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (SLe ). Since SLe competes with white blood cells for binding to E-selectin, thus inhibiting the adhesion process, it may useful as an anti-inflammatoiy and anticancer agent. 

Carbon monoxide is attracting increasing attention as a potential therapeutic agent, because of its anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatoiy and cell-protective effects. Metal carbonyl complexes are good carriers for CO, and represent a promising class of pharmaceuticals as CO-releasing molecules (so-called CORMs). 

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