Amine disulfonate

Material prepared in this manner has retained a bright orange color for over one year of storage without access of air. The stability of the product appears to depend on the washing of the crystals on the filter. Potassium peroxyl-amine disulfonate is dimeric in the solid state but is dissociated into the monomeric form in solution. In this, it bears a close structural relationship to nitrogen (IV) oxide. 

Doyle, G. J., and N. Davidson The kinetics of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of amine disulfonate ion. The third ionisation constant of amine disulfonic acid. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 71, 3491 (1949). 

There is a positive effect of the SCR unit on downstream equipment such as flue gas desulfurization, which produces gypsum. In the absence of a SCR unit, water from a FGD unit contains hydroxyl amine disulfonic acid which has been formed from NO2, water, and SO2. This compound acts probably as an inhibitor for the oxidation of calcium sulfite into calcium sulfate [129]. 

Sulfonation of Hydroxylamine Monosulfonate (HAMS). According to Seel et al. (14), the reactions between HAMS and bisulfite are branched ones (Eqs. 17 and 18), producing about 70% amine-disulfonate (ADS) and 30% sulfamate (SAM) in the temperature range 25-60°C and ionic strength range 1.0-1.2 M, with reaction times ranging up to 12 hr at a pH of 7 ... 

Hydrolysis of Amine Disulfonates (ADS). ADS hydrolyzes irreversibly and quantitatively to form sulfamate (SAM) and sulfates according to Eq. 23 (18, 19, 20) ... 

H2NSOZ-, H2NSOZH NH2OSOZH (hydroxyl-amine-0-sulf onic acid ) H0N(S0g)2 (hydroxyl-amine disulfonate ) ONOSOzH (nitrosyl sulfuric acid) 0N(S0zK)2 (nitrosodi-sulfonate)... 

NH OSO H (hydroxyl-amine-0-sulfonic acid) H0N(S0 )2 (hydroxyl-amine disulfonate) ONOSO H (nitrosyU sulfuric acid) 0N(S0gK)2 (nitrosodi-siilfonate)... 

In the first case (22), almost stoichiometric amounts of sulfuric acid or chlorosulfonic acid are used. The amine sulfate or the amine chlorosulfate is, first, formed and heated to about 180 or 130°C, respectively, to rearrange the salt. The introduction of the sulfonic acid group occurs only in the ortho position, and an almost quantitative amount of l-aminoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid is obtained. On the other hand, the use of oleum (23) requires a large excess of SO to complete the reaction, and inevitably produces over-sulfonated compound such as l-amino-anthraquinone-2,4-disulfonic acid. Addition of sodium sulfate reduces the byproduct to a certain extent. Improved processes have been proposed to make the isolation of the intermediate (19) uimecessary (24,25). 

Modified PAN fibres containing aldehyde groups can be used to obtain chemically stained fibres. The chemical addition of dyes can be conducted following two schemes A) The fibres of the above composition are treated with aromatic amines, e.g., l-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid ( H-acid ), and then azocoupling is carried out with a diazonium salt ... 

Bis-substitution of stilbene produces stronger fluorescence and the bis-triazine derivatives of diaminostilbenes have proved to be the most successful brighteners for cellulosics, in particular, and polyamides (60MI11200). The variety of substitution permutations in (90) is almost endless and many primary and secondary homocyclic and heterocyclic amines, thiols and phenols have been used. Synthesis of such compounds is straightforward and utilizes the convenient selectivity to substitution of cyanuric chloride. 4,4 -Diaminostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid condenses readily at 0-5 °C with cyanuric chloride, under slightly acidic conditions. In this case cyanuric chloride behaves as a monofunctional acid chloride and, although some by-products are unavoidable, two molecules of cyanuric chloride condense... 

Ion-pair HPLC (194,195) was used to separate amaranth from its subsidiary dye l-(4-sulfo-l-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid disodium salt (fast red E) and from its intermediates 1-naphthylamine 4-sulfonic acid (naphthionic acid) and 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (R-salt). Ion-pair HPLC was also used for the determination of total free and bound nonsul-fonated aromatic amines in amaranth after diazotization and coupling with R-salt (198). 

Sunset yellow was separated from its subsidiary dye l-p-sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid trisodium salt (195) and from its intermediates sulfanilic acid and Schaeffer s salt (194) by means of ion-pair HPLC. Ion-pair chromatography has also been used to determine free and bound nonsulfonated aromatic amines in sunset yellow after reduction with dithionite, diazotization with sodium nitrite, and coupling with R-salt (202). 

A method frequently used to determine aromatic amines in water-soluble dyes involves their extraction with chloroform, followed by diazotization of amines and coupling of diazonium salts with a reagent R-salt (disodium-3-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate) or pyrazolone T (4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-l-(4-sulfophenyl-)l/7-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid). The separated products are detected by UV-VIS spectrophotometry or fluorescence (210-212). 

A deamination procedure for which general application is claimed has been described by Hodgson and Madden.6 An aqueous solution of the diazotized amine is treated with the molar quantity of naphthalene-1,5-, disulfonic acid or 2-naphthol-l-sulfonic acid, whereupon the stabilized diazonium compound is precipitated. In most cases the stabilized diazo salts require slight variations in technique for their preparation in optimum yield. "The dry salt is reduced at room temperature in ethanol containing zinc or copper. Overall yields of the order of 90% are reported however, the purity of the product is not specified. 

HN02 z=f=r ho3sno (HO S) NIOH J (ho3s) 3n Nitrous acid Nitrososulfonic Hydroxylamine Amine trisulfonic acid disulfonic acid acid... 

In addition to quinone reduction and hydroquinone oxidation, electrode reactions of many organic compounds are also inner-sphere. In these charge transfer is accompanied by profound transformation of the organic molecules. Some reactions are complicated by reactant and/or product adsorption. Anodic oxidation of chlorpro-mazine [54], ascorbic acid [127], anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate [128], amines [129], phenol, and isopropanol [130] have been investigated. The latter reaction can be used for purification of wastewater. The cyclic voltammogram for cathodic reduction of fullerene Cm in acetonitrile solution exhibits 5 current peaks corresponding to different redox steps [131]. 

The benzenedisulfonic acids are of little interest, except that benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid is a source of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (see Chapter 4). The benzene dicarboxylic acids are more important. Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid, 8) can be converted into phthalic anhydride (9), which is a typical acid anhydride, reacting with amines and alcohols and also taking part in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Phthalimide (10), produced by reaction of the anhydride with ammonia, is weakly acidic and forms a potassium salt with ethanolic potassium hydroxide. 

The photoreduction of 9,10-anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonate by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine in aqueous media has been studied in the nanosecond and microsecond time domains by use of time-resolved optical and ESR measurements [171]. Electron transfer from the amine to the excited state of the anthraquinone derivative occurs with a rate constant of 5.7 x 10 m s . The aminyl radicals formed via deprotonation of the aminium radicals are long-lived (ca 0.5 ms), because the steric hindrance of these radicals slows down recombination reactions. The aminyl radicals formed in these systems have been characterized by ESR. 

The alkoxydi(sulfonyl)methane shown in Scheme 128 (entry b) has been used as a useful carbonyl 1,1-dipole synthon ( C°-0). Its alkylation with alkyl halides is best achieved using CS2CO3 in DMF at 50 °C, and its palladium-catalyzed allylation requires the use of phase-transfer conditions (Scheme 128, entry b). The unmasking of the carbonyl group was then achieved by reacting the resulting disulfone with boron trichloride (-78 C, CH2CI2) followed by the addition of alcohols or amines to provide esters or amides respectively (Scheme 128, entry b). ... 

When given orally, 8% of the amaranth is absorbed from the intestinal tract. Intestinal flora have a reducing effect on amaranth, and azo reduction is also mediated by the hepatic monooxygenase system. Aromatic amine metabolites, including 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid and l-amino-2-hydro-xy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid, are excreted in the urine and bile. 

Derivation (3-naphthylamine sulfate is sulfonated with 66% oleum, the filtrate yields 2-naphthyl-amine-l,5,7-trisulfonic acid. On reaction with dilute sulfuric acid at 125C, this yields 2-naphthylamine-5,7-disulfonic acid from this J acid is obtained on reaction with 58% sodium hydroxide solution at 200C and 210 psi. 

The high concentration of hydrogen sulfide obtained by heating the amine salt may then be easily and economically converted to elemental sulfur via the Claus process. The Stretford process, which may also be used for hydrogen sulfide capture, accomplishes both capture and conversion using an aqueous mixture of 1,5-, and 1,8-disulfonic acids of 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) to sulfur in a single step [38] (Eq. 3.21). 

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