American Society for Testing and Materials International ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International http //www.astm.org Leader in the development and delivery of international voltmtary consensus standards... 

Specification for Polyolefin-based Plastic Lumber Decking Boards, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2007. 

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International)... 

Specialty Elastomers. Polychloroprene and polysulfide mbber were the first synthetic specialty elastomers discovered. Since theh invention in the 1930s the total number of classes of synthetic mbbers has grown to almost 30. The foUowing lists standard acronyms by the International Synthetic Rubber Producers (IISRP) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for several specialty elastomers. 

It is the general consensus within the worldwide fire community that the only proper way to evaluate the fire safety of products is to conduct full-scale tests or complete fire-risk assessments. Most of these tests were extracted from procedures developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Because they are time tested, they are generally accepted methods to evaluate a given property. Where there were no universally accepted methods the UL developed its own. 

Determination of die mechanical properties of a cured polymer serves to characterize its macroscopic (bulk) features such as flexibility and hardness. Using standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and die International Standards Organization (ISO) allows direct comparison to otiier materials. The vast majority of polyurethane research and development is conducted in industry where mechanical properties are of vital importance because tins information is used to design, evaluate, and market products. General test categories are presented here with a few illustrative examples. 

The complete analysis of alcohol sulfates is described in the Standard Methods of the International Organization of Standards (ISO) [200] and of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) [201]. These methods describe the analysis of inorganic sulfate content, chloride content, unsulfated matter, and water as well as other analytical values. Other ISO standards describe the analysis of sodium secondary alkyl sulfates [202], determination of pH [203], determination of water content [204,205], chlorides [206], total active matter in sul fated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [207], mean relative molecular mass in sulfated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [208], sulfate content... 

As a result, the formation of various national standards associations has led to the development of methods for coal evaluation. For example, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has carried out uninterrupted work in this field for many decades, and investigations on the development of the standardization of methods for coal evaluation has occurred in all the major coal-producing countries (Montgomery, 1978 Patrick and Wilkinson, 1978). There are in addition to the ASTM, organizations for methods development and standardization that operate on a national level examples are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the British Standards Institution (BS), which covers the analysis of coal under one standard number (BS 1016) (Table 1.2). 

Wherever possible, testing should be carried out in accordance with an approved standard. These include the standards issued by the International Standards Organization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN). There are many other standards of international repute, such as the NF, JIS, and BS standards. Most countries have their own standards. These are adjusted to suit local requirements but are based on the main international standards. Evaluations carried out to these standards in a laboratory compliant with the ISO 9001 quality standard carry more weight than those tested under other conditions. Other standards, such as aviation and maritime specifications, are also recognized in their fields. In all cases, the most recent issue of the standard or specification must be used. 

A final quantitative example is that of determining the % ethylene in ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM). The International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers (IIRP) Technical/Operating Committee and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) cooperated to produce an updated standard method [56]. They also produced a set of standards with the ethylene content established by 13C NMR. Those standards were utilised by Parker and Waddell to study the photoacoustic determination of % ethylene [57]. Three of the four infrared band ratios specified by ASTM were measured, 1378/1462, 1378/722, and 1156/722. The fourth one, 1156/4255, was not used since it involves measurements in the near-IR region. Baselines were drawn by the valley-to-valley technique as illustrated in Figure 2.11. 

The two most common coal analyses are the proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. In addition, there are a number of miscellaneous analyses. Many of these tests are empirical, requiring strict adherence to specified conditions. In the United States, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standardizes these methods. International standards are developed by the International Organization for Standardization. 

Information regarding the chemical identity of benzene is shown in Table 3-1. Although the term benzol is found in older literature for the commercial product, benzene is the name presently approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for the pure product (HSDB 1996). 

Several national and international consensus standards organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have adopted a reference standard extraterrestrial spectral distri bution (ASTM E490 00a), and terrestrial reference spectral distributions for direct beam and total hemispherical (on a 37° tilted south facing surface) spectra at a pre scribed air mass of 1.5 (ASTM G173 03).2,1011... 

The main organizations that develop or validate methods for fats and oil analysis include International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), International Oiganization for Standardization (ISO), Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Association Francaise de Normalization (AFNOR), British Standards Institution (BSI), Deustsches Institute fur Normung (DIN), and the Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Association (FOSFA). In addition, there is an increasing trend for the various national standard institutions to develop their own standard methods based on the standard ISO methods these are generally adopted as official methods. 

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