Alveolar wash

Chest X-rays may reveal extensive interstitial infiltration, a mild peri-hilar haze or may be normal. Whenever practicable, attempts should be made to identify the organism using induced sputum or broncho-alveolar washings. 

Alveolar wash-in This term refers to the replacement of the normal lung gases with the inspired anesthetic mixture. The time required for this process is directly proportional to the functional residual capacity of the lung, and inversely proportional to the ventilatory rate it is independent of the physical properties of the gas. Once the partial pressure builds within the lung, anesthetic uptake from the lung begins. 

M. Neuberger. 1986. Laser microprobe mass analysis for the identification of asbestos fibers in lung tissue and broncho-alveolar washing fluid. Microchim. Acta 5(3-4) 197-213. 

There is no available information on absorption of mineral oil hydraulic fluids following inhalation or dermal absorption. There are data suggesting that mineral oil aerosols are cleared from the lungs via alveolar macrophages. No specific methods to reduce absorption of dermally applied or inhaled mineral oil hydraulic fluids were located, but it is expected that removal of contaminated clothing and multiple washings of contaminated skin would reduce the dermal absorption of these materials. 

Respiratory Effects. Pleural effusions and alveolar infiltrations were noted in a man who had washed his hair with an unknown amount of diesel fuel (Barrientos et al. 1977). The relative contributions from inhalation and dermal exposure could not be distinguished in this case. There was no throat irritation in six volunteers following a 15-minute exposure to a concentration reported to be 140 mg/m of deodorized kerosene vapor (Carpenter et al. 1976). The authors used a hot nichrome wire for the volatilization of their test material and reported that the concentration was probably the "highest attainable concentration at which vapor analysis is representative of liquid analysis." The air saturating concentration of kerosene is considered to approximate 100 mg/m (room temperature and 760 mmHg) and is dependent on the constituents of the mixture. 

Fig. 5.—The Uptake of I-Labeled Neoglycoproteins by Alveolar Macrophages from Rat Lung. The macrophages were incubated with mI-labeled neoglycpprotein or [1 sI]BSA for 30 min at 37 , washed, and then assayed for radioactivity (taken from Ref.

Fig. 120. Alveolar macrophage from a female rat (breeder Winkelmann, Borchen-Kirchborchen) which received daily intragastric applications of 82 mg retinol palmitate per kg body weight X day, 5 days per week from April 17 to June 20, 1967 for a total of 42 days. Fixed on June 20, 1967 under methitural anaesthesia by intratracheal instillation of 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) before opening the thorax. After washing in phosphate buffer the tissue was postfixed with 1 % osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer for 2 h. Contrasted en bloc for 12 h with 0.5 % uranyl acetate in 70 % ethanol. Embedded in a 2 8 mixture of methyl and butyl methacrylate. Sectioned at 50 nm. Lead citrate after Reynolds (1963). Film 92671...

Washed alveolar macrophages from rats exposed (8 h per day, 5 days per week, for 18 days) to NiCb (109 ig/m ) aerosols were found to contain reduced quantities of the various hydrolytic enzymes (except for acetylesterase) when compared with those from control rats (Murthy et al. 1983). On the other hand, a significant increase in enzymatic activity was noted in lung washout fluid from exposed animals. 

Exposure of 1X10 human alveolar macrophages to 100 [ig silica/ml for 4 h increased ferritin protein concentrations by approximately 50 % of the baseline value in both supernatants and lysates (Ghio et al. 1997). Inclusion of 1.0 mM deferoxamine, an iron chelator, in the reaction mixtures inhibited increases after silica. There were no increases in ferritin after incubation with acid-washed particles or silica with complexed zinc cation. There were no significant differences in levels of ferritin cDNA between any of the exposures suggesting a post-transcriptional control of ferritin expression. 

Brain JD, Frank NR. Alveolar macrophage adhesion wash eleetrolyte eomposition and free cell yield. J Appl Physiol 1973 34 75-80. 

Ultrastructural studies of airway mucus and alveolar surfactant have been compromised by difficulties of preservation. By conventional aqueous fixation methods, the extracellular fluid lining is dissolved in the fixative more quickly than it can be stabilized. These techniques consist of either instilling the aqueous fixatives through the airways or by immersing small sections of tissue directly into the solution. This process causes the surface film to break up and to be washed away. Better preservation of the surface film was achieved by Weibel and Gil... 

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