Aluminum chloride, aqueous solution

Under a nitrogen blanket, a mixture of 3 g of 4-(2-piperidinoethoxy)benzoic acid hydrochloride, 2 drops of dimethylformamide, 2.5 ml of thionyl chloride and 40 ml of chlorobenzene was heated at 70°-75°C for about one hour. The excess thionyl chloride and 15-20 ml of solvent were then distilled off. The remaining suspension was cooled to ambient temperature, and to it were added 100 ml of dichloromethane, 2.7 g of 6-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) benzo[b]thiophene and 10 g of aluminum chloride. The solution was stirred for about one hour, 7.5 ml of ethanethiol was added, and the mixture was stirred for 45 minutes more. Then 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added, followed by 15 ml of 20% hydrochloric acid, with an exotherm to reflux. Fifty ml of water and 25 ml of saturated aqueous sodium chloride was added. The mixture was stirred and allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed successively with 30 ml of water, 40 ml of 25% aqueous tetrahydrofuran, and 35 ml of water. The solids were then dried at 40°C under vacuum to obtain 5.05 g of product, which was identified by NMR as 6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[4-(2-piperidinoethoxy)benzoyl] benzo[b]thiophene hydrochloride melting point 217°C. 

Sheet aluminum, an aqueous solution of mercury(II) chloride which is saturated at room temperature (ca. 7 g HgCb in 100 mL water), 1 mol/L HCl. 

The first reported synthesis of acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (qv) and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9] (PAN) was in 1894. The polymer received Htde attention for a number of years, until shortly before World War II, because there were no known solvents and the polymer decomposes before reaching its melting point. The first breakthrough in developing solvents for PAN occurred at I. G. Farbenindustrie where fibers made from the polymer were dissolved in aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium compounds, such as ben2ylpyridinium chloride, or of metal salts, such as lithium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, and aluminum perchlorate. Early interest in acrylonitrile polymers (qv), however, was based primarily on its use in synthetic mbber (see Elastomers, synthetic). 

Commercially, aluminum chloride is available as the anhydrous AIQ, as the hexahydrate, AICI36 H2O, or as a 28% aqueous solution designated 32°Be. Polyalumiaum chloride, or poly(alumiaum hydroxy) chloride [1327-41 -9] is a member of the family of basic aluminum chlorides. These are partially neutralized hydrates having the formula Al2Clg (0H) 6 H2O where x = 1-5. 

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is available ia a 28% by weight (32° Be ) aqueous solution shipped ia glass carboys, tank cars, or tmcks. Crystalline hexahydrate is shipped ia glass containers or plastic-lined dmms. In 1980, 5200 metric tons of aluminum chloride hexahydrate on a 100% AlCl basis was produced ia the United States (10). 

Corrosion. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are mildly corrosive toward carbon steels. At elevated temperatures, 304 stainless steel is corroded by citric acid, but 316 stainless steel is resistant to corrosion. Many aluminum, copper, and nickel alloys are mildly corroded by citric acid. In general, glass and plastics such as fiber glass reinforced polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and cross-linked poly(vinyl chloride) are not corroded by citric acid. 

With Acyl Halides, Hydrogen Halides, and Metallic Halides. Ethylene oxide reacts with acetyl chloride at slightly elevated temperatures in the presence of hydrogen chloride to give the acetate of ethylene chlorohydrin (70). Hydrogen haUdes react to form the corresponding halohydrins (71). Aqueous solutions of ethylene oxide and a metallic haUde can result in the precipitation of the metal hydroxide (72,73). The haUdes of aluminum, chromium, iron, thorium, and zinc in dilute solution react with ethylene oxide to form sols or gels of the metal oxide hydrates and ethylene halohydrin (74). 

Reaction of hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminum chloride gave a salt A, which, on being treated with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, yielded compound B. Suggest a mechanism for the conversion of hexamethylbenzene to B by correctly inferring the structure of A. 

A mixture of 10.3 g of thiophene-20 -methylacetic acid [prepared by process of Bercot-Vat-teroni, et al.. Bull. Soc. Chim. (1961) pp. 1820-211, 11.10 g of benzoyl chloride and a suspension of 23.73 g of aluminum chloride in 110 cc of chloroform was allowed to stand for 15 minutes and was then poured into a mixture of ice and hydrochloric acid. The chloroform phase was extracted with a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution and the aqueous alkaline phase was acidified with N hydrochloric acid and was then extracted with ether. The ether was evaporated off and the residue was crystallized from carbon tetrachloride to obtain a 54% yield of 5-benzoyl-thiophene-20 -methylacetic acid melting at 83°C to 85°C. The... 

A combination of aluminum chlorohydrate and a polyamine, such as poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride), in aqueous solution is effective at elevated temperatures for an oil-in-water emulsion [787]. 

Relatively little attention has been devoted to the direct electrodeposition of transition metal-aluminum alloys in spite of the fact that isothermal electrodeposition leads to coatings with very uniform composition and structure and that the deposition current gives a direct measure of the deposition rate. Unfortunately, neither aluminum nor its alloys can be electrodeposited from aqueous solutions because hydrogen is evolved before aluminum is plated. Thus, it is necessary to employ nonaqueous solvents (both molecular and ionic) for this purpose. Among the solvents that have been used successfully to electrodeposit aluminum and its transition metal alloys are the chloroaluminate molten salts, which consist of inorganic or organic chloride salts combined with anhydrous aluminum chloride. An introduction to the chemical, electrochemical, and physical properties of the most commonly used chloroaluminate melts is given below. 

Cyclohexane [Aluminum Chloride Catalyzed Reduction of a Dichloroal-kane to a Hydrocarbon].189 After a solution of m-l,2-dichlorocyclohexane (0.1582 g, 1.033 mmol) in CH2C12 (3 mL) was cooled to 0°, Et3SiH (0.299 g, 2.57 mmol) and A1C13 (0.0345 g, 0.173 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then quenched with water (10 mL). Heptane (23.1 mg, 0.231 mmol) was added as an internal standard and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with CH2C12. The combined organic layer was dried (MgS04) and analyzed by GLC 0.064 g (74%). 

Aluminum Amalgam. Immerse thin strips of aluminum foil in a two percent aqueous solution of mercuric chloride for 30-60 seconds. Use a big bowl and plenty of solution for a moderate amount of foil. Decant off the solution, rinse the foil strips with dry ethanol, ether, and cut them into pieces of about Icm. ... 

Nickel precipitated from aqueous solutions of nickel chloride by aluminum or zinc dust is referred to as Urushibara catalyst and resembles Raney nickel in its activity [48. ... 

Reductions with aluminum are carried out almost exclusively with aluminum amalgam. This is prepared by immersing strips of a thin aluminum foil in a 2% aqueous solution of mercuric chloride for 15-60 seconds, decanting the solution, rinsing the strips with absolute ethanol, then with ether, and cutting them with scissors into pieces of approximately 1 cm [141,142]. In aqueous and non-polar solvents aluminum amalgam reduces cumulative double bonds [143], ketones to pinacols [144], halogen compounds [145], nitro compounds [146, 147], azo compounds [148], azides [149], oximes [150] and quinones [151], and cleaves sulfones [141, 152, 153] and phenylhydrazones [154] (Procedure 30, p. 212). 

Nitroso compounds are usually not obtained directly but rather by reoxidation of hydroxylamino compounds or amines. Hydroxylamino compounds are prepared by electrolytic reduction using a lead anode and a copper cathode [573], by zinc in an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride [574 or by aluminum amalgam [147], generally in good yields. 

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