Amalgam, aluminum

Cyclic Peroxides. CycHc diperoxides (4) and triperoxides (5) are soHds and the low molecular weight compounds are shock-sensitive and explosive (151). The melting points of some characteristic compounds of this type are given in Table 5. They can be reduced to carbonyl compounds and alcohols with zinc and alkaH, zinc and acetic acid, aluminum amalgam, Grignard reagents, and warm acidified iodides (44,122). They are more difficult to analyze by titration with acidified iodides than the acycHc peroxides and have been sucessfuUy analyzed by gas chromatography (112). 

Thione or alkylthio groups have also been involved in nucleophilic substitutions with hydrazine, or amines, and by desulfurization using Raney nickel or aluminum amalgam. 

Reduction of dihyro compounds to the tetrahydro derivatives is sometimes possible. For example, thiazolines are reduced to thiazolidines by aluminum amalgam. 

The carbon-carbon double bond of 2,3-diphenylthiirene 1,1-dioxide is reduced by aluminum amalgam in wet ether to cis-2,3-diphenylthiirane 1,1-dioxide (16%). 

Benzopinacol has been prepared by the action of phenylmag-nesium bromide on benzil 1 or methyl benzilate. Usually it has been obtained by reduction of benzophenone, the reducing agents being zinc and sulfuric acid or acetic acid, aluminum amalgam, and magnesium and magnesium iodide. The present... 

Diethyl isonitrosomalonate has been reduced catalytically, over palladium on charcoal, Raney nickel, and chemically by aluminum amalgam or hydrogen sulfide. ... 

Nitroisoxazoles can be readily reduced to 4-aminoisoxazoles. Stannous chloride in hydrochloric acid is usually used, but better results are obtained with aluminum amalgam. ... 

C. Reduction of )3-Keto Sulfoxides with Aluminum Amalgam (//)... 

Acetoxolone aluminum salt Aluminum amalgam Dinoprostone Aluminum tert-butoxide Megestrol acetate Aluminum chloride Acebutolol... 

Metal-induced reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds is a useful synthetic method for the formation of vicinally functionalized carbon-carbon bonds. For stoichiometric reductive dimerizations, low-valent metals such as aluminum amalgam, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and samarium have been employed. Alternatively, ternary systems consisting of catalytic amounts of a metal salt or metal complex, a chlorosilane, and a stoichiometric co-reductant provide a catalytic method for the formation of pinacols based on reversible redox couples.2 The homocoupling of aldehydes is effected by vanadium or titanium catalysts in the presence of Me3SiCl and Zn or A1 to give the 1,2-diol derivatives high selectivity for the /-isomer is observed in the case of secondary aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes. 

The sonochemical-promoted aluminum amalgam reduction of P-nitro alcohols provides an improved yield and accelerated conversion to the corresponding amino alcohols.108... 

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