Alkyl poly-oxyethylene ethers

In this paper, we report the solution properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-alkyl poly(oxyethylene) ether (CjjPOEjj) mixed systems with addition of azo oil dyes (4-NH2, 4-OH). The 4-NH2 dye interacts with anionic surfactants such as SDS (11,12), while 4-OH dye Interacts with nonionic surfactants such as C jPOEn (13). However, 4-NH2 is dependent on the molecular characteristics of the nonionic surfactant in the anlonlc-nonlonic mixed surfactant systems, while in the case of 4-OH, the fading phenomena of the dye is observed in the solubilized solution. This fading rate is dependent on the molecular characteristics of nonionic surfactant as well as mixed micelle formation. We discuss the differences in solution properles of azo oil dyes in the different mixed surfactant systems. 

Anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, C] 2 25 3 supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd Tokyo, Japan. It was extracted with ether and recrystallized from ethanol. The purity was ascertained by surface tension measurement. Nonionic surfactant Alkyl poly(oxyethylene) ether (CjjPOEjj, CmH2nhPlO(CH2CH20)2oH, m=12, 14, 16, and 18 Ci6H330(CH2CH20) H, n=10, 20, 30, and 40) were supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd. These have a narrow molecular weight distribution. 

The detergent range alcohols and their derivatives have a wide variety of uses ia consumer and iadustrial products either because of surface-active properties, or as a means of iatroduciag a long chain moiety iato a chemical compound. The major use is as surfactants (qv) ia detergents and cleaning products. Only a small amount of the alcohol is used as-is rather most is used as derivatives such as the poly(oxyethylene) ethers and the sulfated ethers, the alkyl sulfates, and the esters of other acids, eg, phosphoric acid and monocarboxyhc and dicarboxyhc acids. Major use areas are given ia Table 11. 

Another example of chemical-potential-driven percolation is in the recent report on the use of simple poly(oxyethylene)alkyl ethers, C, ), as cosurfactants in reverse water, alkane, and AOT microemulsions [27]. While studying temperature-driven percolation, Nazario et al. also examined the effects of added C, ) as cosurfactants, and found that these cosurfactants decreased the temperature threshold for percolation. Based on these collective observations one can conclude that linear alcohols as cosurfactants tend to stiffen the surfactant interface, and that amides and poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ethers as cosurfactants tend to make this interface more flexible and enhance clustering, leading to more facile percolation. 

CA 73, 79082s (1970) [Low-density colloidal Dynamite was prepd by mixing 0.02— 3% of a mixt of (30 70)—(80 20) poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ally I ether—poly ethyleneglycol mono-stearate. The setting point was <30°, and thus the mixing proceeded easily]... 

From the field desorption mass spectra of standard samples, a table for identification of poly(oxyethylene) alkylphenyl ethers and determination of the degree of polymerisation of ethylene oxide was constructed as shown in Table 6.1 n is the number of alkyl carbon atoms and m is the degree of polymerisation of ethylene oxide. When the field desorption mass spectrum having a peak pattern with the difference of 44m/z was obtained such as the peaks at 484, 528, 572, 616 and 660m/z, Table 6.1 would show that those peaks are due to poly(oxyethylene) nonylphenyl ethers with the degree of polymerisation of 6-10 of ethylene oxide. Table 6.2 also shows the identification of poly(oxyethylene) dialkylphenyl ethers and determination of the degree of polymerisation of ethylene oxide based on calculations of the molecular weight. 

Micelles and cyclodextrins are the most common reagents used for this technique. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC or MEKC) is generally used for the separation of small molecules [6], Sodium dodecyl sulfate at concentrations from 20 to 150 mM in conjunction with 20 mM borate buffer (pH 9.3) or phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) represent the most common operating conditions. The mechanism of separation is related to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, at least for neutral solutes. Organic solvents such as 5-20% methanol or acetonitrile are useful to modify selectivity when there is too much retention in the system. Alternative surfactants such as bile salts (sodium cholate), cationic surfactants (cetyltrimethy-lammonium bromide), nonionic surfactants (poly-oxyethylene-23-lauryl ether), and alkyl glucosides can be used as well. 

The lyotropic liquid crystals have been studied as a separate category of liquid crystals since they are mostly composed of amphiphilic molecules and water. The lyotropic liquid-crystal structures exhibit the characteristic phase sequence from normal micellar cubic (IJ to normal hexagonal (Hi), normal bicontinuous cubic (Vi), lamellar (1 ), reverse bicontinuous cubic (V2), reverse hexagonal (H2), and reverse micellar cubic (I2). These phase transitions can occur, for instance, when increasing the apolar volume fraction [9], or decreasing the polar volume fraction of the amphiphilic molecule, for example, poly(oxyethylene) chain length in nonionic poly(oxyethylene) alkyl (oleyl) or cholesteryl ether-based systems (10, 11). 

Furthermore, Kunieda and coworkers were interested in replacing the traditional surfactants with environmentally friendly molecules to overcome biodegradation processes and aquatic toxicity [25]. The main environmentally friendly surfactants that were explored were poly(oxyethylene) cholesteryl ethers (ChEOn, where n is the number of oxyethylene, EO, units) with a bulky hydrophobic cholesteric group of natural origin [25-27]. Due to the distinct segregation tendency between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, compared to the conventional alkyl ethoxylated surfactants, their phase behavior as a function of ethylene oxide... 

Kunieda s group reported numerous viscoelastic worm-like micellar systems in the salt-free condition when a lipophilic nonionic surfactant such as short hydrophilic chain poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ether, C EOni, or N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylaUcanolamide, NMEA-n, was added to the dilute micellar solution of hydrophilic cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB and hexade-cyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) [12-14], anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS [15, 16], sodium dodecyl trioxyethylene sulfate, SDES [17], and Gemini-type [18]) or nonionic (sucrose alkanoates, C SE [9, 19], polyoxyethylene cholesteryl ethers, ChEO [10, 20], polyoxyethylene phytosterol, PhyEO [11, 21] and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, Tween-80 [22]) surfactants. The mechanism of formation of these worm-Hke stmctures and the resulting rheological behavior of micellar solutions is discussed in this section based in some actual published and unpublished results, but conclusions can qualitatively be extended to aU the systems studied by Kunieda s group. 

The diblock copolymers synthesized (Table 1) are structurally related to the commercially available poly(oxyethylene-alkyl ether) systems (Brij that are built from PEO blocks and hydrocaibon chains. These systems have been successfidly lied as templates in the synthesis of mesostructured silicate materials [2]. PDMS-PEO-based block copolymers are also known to exhibit a two-phase morphology in a certain set of solvents, which may be ascribed, to a first approximation, to the large difference in the solubility parameters of the PDMS and PEO blocks [5]. 

Expectedly, the outlook is quite different in case of non-ionic surfactants, like those belonging to poly(oxyethylene)alkyl or alkylphenyl ethers [61]. The hydrophilic part of these molecules can be in the form of chains longer than the corresponding hydrophobic part. An example is Triton X-100. As a result of the above, the structure of the polar interior of a reverse micelle of such amphiphiles does not resemble that of a reverse micelle of an ionic surfactant. The resemblance, indeed, is more with the interior of a normal micelle (of ionic surfactants). In reverse micelles of surfactants like Triton X-100, the polar interior can be invaded to an extent by a non-polar solvent like cyclohexane. 

The solubility of phospholipid membranes by non-ionic detergents is a basic technique in membrane biochemistry. Non-ionic rather than ionic surfactants are usually the first choice in biomembrane work when the preservation of structure and function of membrane proteins is desired. Two classes of non-ionic surfactants have found broad application, namely the n-alkylglycosides and the poly(oxyethylene)-n-alkyl- and acyl ethers. The former compounds are sometimes preferable for the reconstitution of proteins into closed membrane vesicles, due to their large critical micelle concentrations (cmc), while better protection against protein denaturation is usually achieved by the latter class of surfactants [1,2]. 

Linear alcohol alkoxylate mixture of poly(oxyethylene/oxy-propylene) mono-C6, Cs, and Cio alkyl ethers. 

More recently, additional studies involving the use of GPC in micelle characterization have been reported.From GPC studies carried out on poly(oxyethylene) n-alkyl ethers in aqueous media,it has been shown using a model proposed by Coll that the position and width (after correction for instrumental spreading) of the elution peak for micelles is not influenced by micelle dissociation provided the critical micelle concentration (cmc) is very low compared with the concentration of the solution injected into the columns. 

Synonyms Poly(oxyethylene)-p-t-octylphenyl ether Classification Ethoxylated alkyl phenol Ionic Nature Nonionic Formula (C2H40) C 4H220... 

The preparation and characterization of alternating copolymers of Maleic anhydride (MAn) and poly (ethylene glycol-vinyl ether) as well as their chemical conversions to provide various alkyl hemiesters (Scheme 1) have been described elsewhere [7]. The matrices are quoted as PAMm z, where m represent the number of oxyethylene units in R and n the number of carbon atoms in R. Human serum albumin (HSA) was provided by Isti-tuto Sierovaccinogeno Italiano SpA, Italy. 

Polyi v mylether)s °- o3-r 33 X Polyether is a polymer with oxygen atoms in the main or side chtiin. Among them, thermoresponsive poly(vinylether)s have oxymethylene and/or oxyethylene pendants in their side chains [30, 124,404-406] Phase separation temperature of vinyl ethers can be controlled by varying the number of the pendant oxyethylene units and/or the hydrophobicity of an co-alkyl group, R Tcp measurements typically reveal an abrupt reversible transition within AT = 1°C no hysteresis Homopolymers of ethyl vinylether and higher alkyl vinylethers are insoluble in water... 

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