Alkaloids phenolic acids

ALLELOPATHIC SUBSTANCE. A material contained within a plant that tends to suppress the growth of other plant species. The alkaloids present in several seed-bearing plants are believed to play an allelopaihic role. Other suspected allelopathic substances contained in some plants include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoid substances, steroids, and organic cyanides. 

Schieffer, G. and Kohn, M. 2002. HPLC assay of Echinacea purpurealGolAtustal (Hydrastis canadensis) combination formulations for the phenolic acids, alkylamides, alkaloids. J. Liq. 

Many plants produce floral nectar-containing components that are toxic or repellent to some visitors. Particular minor components, including alkaloids, phenolics, glycosides, and sometimes sugars and amino acids, have been... 

Tobacco leaf has a complicated chemical composition including a variety of polymers and small molecules. The small molecules from tobacco belong to numerous classes of compounds such as hydrocarbons, terpenes, alcohols, phenols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, esters, nitriles, sulfur compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids, alkaloids, sterols, isoprenoids [48], Amadori compounds, etc. Some of these compounds were studied by pyrolysis techniques. One example of pyrolytic study is that of cuticular wax of tobacco leaf (green and aged), which was studied by Py-GC/MS [49]. By pyrolysis, some portion of cuticular wax may remain undecomposed. The undecomposed waxes consist of eicosyl tetradecanoate, docosyl octadecanoate, etc. The molecules detected in the wax pyrolysates include hydrocarbons (Cz to C34 with a maximum of occurrence of iso-Czi, normal C31 and anti-iso-C32), alcohols (docosanol, eicosanol), acids (hexadecanoic, hexadecenoic, octadecanoic, etc ). The cuticular wax also contains terpenoids such as a- and p-8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols. By pyrolysis, some of these compounds are not decomposed and others generate closely related products such as seco-cembranoids (5-isopropyl-8,12-dimethyl-3E,8E,12E,14-pentadecatrien-2-one, 3,7,13-trimethyl-10-isopropyl-2,6,11,13-tetradecatrien-1al) and manols. By pyrolysis, c/s-abienol, (12-Z)- -12,14-dien-8a-ol, generates mainly frans-neo-abienol. 

ABSTRACT This study shows that, in spite of the great biological and cultural potential in Brazil, there is, even today, no phytomedicines originating from this flora, as an alternative to allopathic anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribed by psychiatry. Thirty-nine plants with potential anxiolytic effects and 28 hypnotics were indicated in the course of ethnopharmacological surveys carried out with Afro-Brazilians and/or Quilombolas, the Caboclo population (river-dwellers), and Indians in Brazil. Practically no pharmacological studies have been found in the scientific literature as evidence of their popular use. From the phytochemical point of view, it is of interest to observe that flavonoids, essential oils, phenolic acids, and alkaloids are the chemical constituents predominantly present in these species, both in those indicated as anxiolytic, and the hypnotic. 

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. - cidreira, erva-cidreira, melissa, carmelitana A calming effect, to relax, tranquilizer Leaves (decoction) Afro-Brazilians [3,41] Xukuru Indians [37] Caboclos [52,56,59] Ouilombolas [48] Alkaloids [219] saponins [220] sterols, flavonoids [221] essential oils [222,223] prenylated naphtoquinones [224] iridoids [225] terpenoids [226,227] phenolic acids [228] ... 

The phytochemical survey carried out with the species indicated, to which were attributed an anxiolytic effect showed that the main constituents found were the flavonoids, essential oils, as shown in Fig. (2), followed by the phenolic acids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids. 

No article was found reporting anxiolytic activity of phenolic acids. However, the anxiolytic activity of the alkaloids is known. Anxiolytic properties may be a crucial feature of newer antipsychotics associated with the improvement of negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. The indole alkaloid alstonine acts as an atypical antipsychotic in behavioral models, but differs in its dopamine and serotonin binding profile [310]. Behavioral effects of psychollatine, a glycoside indole monoterpene alkaloid isolated from Psychotria umbellate Thoim., was investigated in models of anxiety, depression, memory, tremor, and... 

In this review, the phytochemical studies found in the scientific literature for the plants included in Table 2, with possible hypnotic effects, also showed a prevalence of the flavonoid and essential oil, as shown in plants in Table 1, with possible anxiolytic effects, as can be seen in Fig. (4). These results emphasize the importance of these constituents in the treatment of diseases related to some deficiencies of the CNS, once more followed by the phenolic acids and alkaloids as shown in Fig. (4). These substances may act producing two effects, both as anxiolytics and as hypnotics, the difference being only in the dosage of the drug, as formerly cited. 

No studies were found on the hypnotic activity of the phenolic acids however, the hypnotic activity of alkaloids is known. Dl-Tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP), a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been intensively studied for its sedative and hypnotic effects. A putative explanation for its mechanism and target of action involves the dopaminergic neurotransmission system [371]. Reserpine, an alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz, was widely used for its antihypertensive action. Flowever, its use has been reduced because of its... 

Interactions with Inorganic Salts, Fruit Acids, Purine Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds and Ethanol... 

So far, we have considered the interactions of volatile flavouring substances with individual classes of food components (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, inorganic salts, fruit acids, purine alkaloids, phenolic compounds and ethanol), and without the involvement of a second class. In the following section we shall look at more complex mixtures, and at a few foodstuffs [1,6,12,20,22,32,53,60-63],... 

Biller et al. (22) isolated the pyrrolizidine alkaloids 7-and 9-angeloylretronecine, intermedine, rinderine and 3 -acetylrinderine. The concentrations of these hepatotoxic alkaloids were high in the roots and mature flower heads, but negligible in the leaves and stems. This finding is noteworthy since the leaves are mostly used in traditional medicine. Phenolic acids including protocatechuic, />-hydroxybenzoic, />-coumaric, femlic and vanillic acids have also been isolated from the plant (29). 

A rational total synthesis is used for some simple alkaloids (adrenaline, theophylline, papaverine), low molecnlar peptide hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin), vitamins (biotin, folk acid, thiamine, riboflavin), phenolic acids (sahcyhc acid). It should, however, be observed that the synthetic substances are all racemic forms, whereas many natural products occur in the 1-form. 

Creosote bush resin consists of phenolic (e.g., flavonoids and nordihydroguaiaretic acid), neutral (e.g., waxes), basic (e.g., alkaloids), and acidic (e.g., phenolic acids) compounds. The phenolic portion comprises 83-91% of the total resin. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid accounts for 5-10% of the dry weight of the leaves (Leonforte 1986). It is not known whether the health effects associated with creosote bush resin are attributable to the phenolic components. 

Incompat Acids, alkalies, alum, ammonia water, amyl nitrite benzoates betanaphthol, phenol, calomel, chloral hydrate, copper sulfate, ferric chloride ferrous sulfate chromium trioxide (chromic acid), cinchona alkaloids, hydrocyanic acid iodides iodine Lead subacetate mercuric chloride, orthoform potassium permanganate, resorcinol, sod. bicarbonate sod. salicylate (in powder) soln arsenic and mercury iodide, spirit nitrous ether (unless prescribed with sod, bicarbonate), syrup ferrous iodide, tartar emetic tannic acid, thymol, urethane, infusions of catechu, cinchona, rose leaves and uva ursi tinctures of catechu, ferric chloride, cinchona, hamanielis iodine, kino, and rhubarb. 

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