Aliphatic alcohols fatty

Kahlbaumi calculated what he called the specific remission ( — i)/(760— i), where t, h are the b.ps. under 760 and pi mm. pressure, respectively, and on extrapolation to zero pressure he found a difference of 0-01 for a change of composition of CH2 in aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids and anhydrides he supposed that 0-001 of the specific remission was equal to 0-7 of the b.p. 

Classification Primary aliphatic alcohol fatty alcohol Empirical CijHzeO Formula CH3(CH2) CH20H... 

Classification Primary aliphatic alcohol fatty alcohol... 

Synonyms Alcohol C12 C12 linear primary alcohol 1-Dodecanol Dodecan-1-ol n-Dodecanol n-Dodecan-1-ol Dodecyl alcohol 1-Dodecyl alcohol n-Dodecyl alcohol Duodecyl alcohol 1-Hydroxydodecane Lauric alcohol Laurinic alcohol n-Lauryl alcohol Lauryl alcohol, narrow-cut Ciassification Primary aliphatic alcohol fatty alcohol... 

Many organic liquids, including oils (essential, animal, vegetable or mineral), alcohols, fatty acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and aliphatic esters, are without action. The absence of any catalytic action of tin on oxidative changes is helpful in this respect. When, however, mineral acidity can arise, as with the chlorinated hydrocarbons containing water, there may be some corrosion, especially at elevated temperature. 

In this chapter we will examine how cells and enzymes are used in the transformation of lipids. The lipids are, of course, a very diverse and complex series of molecular entities including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, aliphatic alcohols, waxes, terpenes and steroids. It is usual to teach about these molecules, in a biochemical context, in more or less the order given above, since this represents a logical sequence leading from simple molecules to the more complex. Here, however, we have adopted a different strategy. 

The repertoire of chemicals that can be used for communication is limited by the biosynthetic ability of the insect. Compared to other insect orders, pheromone biosynthesis in Hymenoptera has received little study [191]. However, the biosynthetic origins of chemically diverse hymenopteran semiochemicals likely include aromatic, fatty acid, and terpenoid pathways as well as simple modifications of host-derived precursors. Notable recent studies include the biosynthesis of the fatty acid components (2 )-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid 52 and (2 )-9-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid of the honeybee queen mandibular pheromone from octadecanoic acid [192,193], and the aliphatic alcohol and ester... 

The active constituents in saw palmetto berries are not well defined. Phytosterols (eg, B-sitosterol), aliphatic alcohols, polyprenic compounds, and flavonoids are all present. Marketed preparations are dried lipophilic extracts that are generally standardized to contain 85-95% fatty acids and sterols. 

Ethoxylation. Base-catalyzed ethoxylation of aliphatic alcohols, alkylphenols, and fatty acids can be broken down into two stages formation of a monoethoxy adduct and addition of ethylene oxide to the monoadduct to form the polyoxyethylene chain. The sequence of reactions is shown in equations 20—22 ... 

Commercial crude lecithin is a hrown to light yellow fatly substance with a liquid to plastic consistency. Its density is 0.97 g/niL (liquid) and 0.5 g/mL (granule). The color is dependent on its origin, process conditions, and whether it is unbleached, bleached, or Altered. Its consistency is determined chiefly by its oil. free fatty acid, and moisture content. Properly refined lecithin has practically no odor and has a bland taste. It is soluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including the halogenated hydrocarbons however, it is only partially soluble in aliphatic alcohols. Pure phosphatidylcholine is soluble in ethanol,... 

Most of the other products found in irradiated meat volatiles except those containing sulfur or aromatic rings may also be accounted for by mechanisms associated with alkyl free radical formation in the fat. Oxygenated compounds are far less abundant than hydrocarbons, but appreciable amounts of a homologous series of n-aliphatic alcohols up to hexanol are found. Of these, only ethanol is detected in the unirradiated controls. Since the water content of meat averages nearly 60%, the formation of alcohols may be thought to occur by reaction of the alkyl free radical with water. Such a mechanism is supported by the fact that only traces of alcohols are found in irradiated dry butterfat and were undetected in irradiated triglycerides or methyl esters of fatty acids. 

Lipophilic extracts of sabal fruit (Serenoa repens syn. Sabal seruulata) are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (see Chapter 55). The hexane extract of the pulp and seed contains a complex mixture of free fatty acids and their esters, small quantities of phytosterols (such as [3-sitosterol), aliphatic alcohols, and polyprenic compounds. The efficacy of this extract was recently compared with that of the 5a-reductase inhibitor finasteride for 6 months, in a randomized, double-blind trial involving almost 1100 men with moderate BPH. Dwarf palm and finasteride reduced the International Prostate Symptom Score by 37 and 39% and increased urinary peak flow by 2.7 and 3.2 ml/sec, respectively. In contrast to finasteride, dwarf palm had little effect on prostate volume. 

Before the 19th century, perfumers had at their disposal only natural products of plant and animal origin. Today, perfumers work with about 5,000 materials, most of which are produced synthetically. Among the approximately 100 monohydric alcohols used, all chemical types are represented. Several examples of aliphatic alcohols are shown in Figure 5. Nonyl alcohol and 3-octanol are typical fatty alcohols. These alcohols are often found in natural products but are seldom used because of their weak odor. 

The main components of this layer are generally long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and fatty acids, as well as smaller amounts of methyl esters, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, glycerides, and cholesterol. Similar compounds are present on the web and spider cuticle. It has been established that these compounds may be responsible for the antifungal and antibacterial properties of silk and also play a role in communication. 

The method applied consists in a prior, basic hydrolysis (saponification) of the oil sample, followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractionation of the classes of compounds, namely hydrocarbons, tocopherols, long-chain aliphatic alcohols, triterpenic alcohols, methyl sterols, sterols and triterpenic dialcohols. This procedure loses all information about the combination of polycyclic triter-penes with fatty acids. 

Maritano de Correche, M. and Oxley, R. (1985) Total fatty acid, aliphatic alcohol, and hydrocarbon compositions in edible fats. Grasas Aceitas, 36, 88-92. 

Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols Fatty acids are traditionally meant as aliphatic unbranched monocarboxylic acids, either saturated or unsaturated, but with a chain length of 4 to 28 carbon atoms. Sometimes even shorter acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids like acetic acid are named fatty acids, although they are not found in oils and fats [19]. 

The fatty acids occur mostly as esters and are the major components of the parenchyma resin in both softwoods and hardwoods. The most important esters are fats (glycerol esters), usually present as triglycerides. Esters of other alcohols, which usually are aliphatic alcohols or of terpenoid nature, are known as waxes. 

Lepper, H., and Friesenhagen, L. 1986. Process for the production of fatty acid esters of short-chain aliphatic alcohols from fats and/or oils containing free fatty acids. United States Patent 4608202. 

There are several problems requiring careful attention. Lysozyme has a tendency to form complexes with many substances [e.g., alkyl sulfates, fatty acids, aliphatic alcohols (Smith and Stocker, 1949), cephalins (Brusca and Patrono, 1960), and other proteins]. Of particular importance is its tendency to form complexes with transferrins [e.g., ovotrans-ferrin (Ehrenpreis and Warner, 1956)]. These interactions lead to difficulties in the isolation of lysozyme. Some recent workers have used fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., Ekstrand and Bjorck, 1986). The resolution in these procedures may not always be satisfactory, and in HPLC pressure and solvent effects must be monitored carefully if the product is to be suitable for conformation and activity studies. 

High aliphatic alcohols and wax esters in which aliphatic alcohols or sterols are esterified to fatty or phenolic acids are also present in cmde vegetable oils at low levels and are partially removed in the winterization process during oil refining. Waxes, mainly esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids and a monounsaturated alcohol, especially eicosenoic alcohol, are found in crude vegetable oils such as olive, sunflower, soybean or peanut but are absent from com or rice bran oils... 

The definition for cerides was also subject to criticism for, if applied literally, it included steroids in the groups. Vesely and Jakes (13) proposed that cerides be fixed as lipides formed by the union of aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids with a generally high molecular weight. ... 

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