Aliases

CgHeNj. Brown-yellow crystals m.p. 103-104 C, b.p. 256 258°C. Its solutions reduce Ag ions and it is used as a photographic developer. It is also used as a dye-precursor, for the synthesis of phenazine derivatives and for characterizing inter alia) a-diketones. 

Consequently, we can construct a similarity measure intuitively in the following way all matches c -i- d relative to all possibilities, i.e., matches plus mismatches (c+ d) + (a -I- h), yields (c -t- d) / a + b+ c + d), which is called the simple matching coefficient [18], and equal weight is given to matches and mismatches. (Normalized similarity measures are called similarity indices or coefficients see, e.g.. Ref. [19].) When absence of a feature in both objects is deemed to convey no information, then d should not occur in a similarity measure. Omitting d from the above similarity measure, one obtains the Tanimoto (alias Jaccard) similarity measure (Eq. (8) see Ref. [16] and the citations therein) ... 

For examples of different types of similarity measures, see Table 6-2. The Tanimoto similarity measure is monotonic with that of Dice (alias Sorensen, Czekanowski), which uses an arithmetic-mean normaJizer, and gives double weight to the present matches. Russell/Rao (Table 6-2) add the matching absences to the nor-malizer in Tanimoto the cosine similarity measure [19] (alias Ochiai) uses a geometric mean normalizer. 

For advanced work, it is advisable to use a thermometer of better quality and which is provided with a small mercury bulb the latter rapidly attains the temperature of the bath or vapour. Satisfactory small bulb thermometers are msinufactured inter alia by H. J. Elliott Ltd. Sind by Short sind Mason Ltd. 

Fig. 11, 13, 4 shows an assembly which is useful inter alia for distilling off solvents from solutions. The solution is placed in the separatory... 

Supplied inter alia by the Hydronyl S fndicate Ltd. tuch as Fenske helices are described in S tion 11,17. 

Alkyl sulphates. The dimethyl and diethyl esters may be prepared infer alia by the interaction of chlorosulphonic acid with the anhydrous alcohol, followed by distillation of the resulting alkyl sulphuric acid under diminished pressure, for example ... 

Both acids 3deld succinic acid, m.p. 185°, upon catalytic reduction (see Section 111,150), thus establishing their structures. Maleic and fumaric acids are examples of compounds exhibiting cis-trans isomerism (or geometric isomerism). Maleic acid has the cm structure since inter alia it readily 3delds the anhydride (compare Section 111,93). Fumaric acid possesses the trans structure it does not form an anhydride, but when heated to a high temperature gives maleic anhydride. 

This is an alternative experiment to the actual preparation of the ester and will give the student practice in conducting a distillation under diminished pressure. Commercial ethyl acetoacetate generally contains inter alia some ethyl acetate and acetic acid these are removed in the following procedure. 

Nitrations are usually carried out at comparatively low temperatures at higher temperatures there may be loss of material because of the oxidising action of the nitric acid. For substances which do not nitrate readily with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids ( mixed acid ), the intensity of the reaction may be increased inler alia by the use of fuming sulphuric acid (containing up to 60 per cent, of sulphur trioxide) or by fuming nitric acid. Thus nitrobenzene is converted by a mixture of fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid into about 90 per cent, of wi-dinitrobenzene and small amounts of the o- and p-isomers the latter are eliminated in the process of recrystallisation ... 

Method 1. Treat 2 0 g. of the mixture of amines with 40 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution and add 4 g. (3 ml.) of benzenesulphonyl chloi de (or 4 g. of p-toluenesulphonyl chloride) in small portions. Warm on a water bath to complete the reaction. Acidify the alkaline solution with dilute hydrochloric acid when the sulphonamides of the primary and secondary amines are precipitated. Filter off the solid and wash it with a little cold water the tertiary amine will be present in the filtrate. To convert any disulphOnamide that may have been formed from the primary amine into the sulphonamide, boil the solid under reflux with 2 0 g. of sodium dissolved in 40 ml. of absolute ethyl alcohol for 30 minutes. Dilute with a little water and distil off the alcohol filter off the precipitate of the sulphonamide of the secondary amine. Acidify the filtrate with dilute hydrochloric acid to precipitate the derivative of the primary amine. Recrystallise the respective derivatives from alcohol or from dilute alcohol, and identify them inter alia by a determination of the m.p. 

Commercial phosphorus trisulphide is largely PiS,. Phosphorus hepta-Rulphide is available inter alia from the Oldbury Electrochemical Company. 

Redistilled commercial chloroacetone, b.p. 118-120°, is used. The compound is lachrymatory. It is prepared inter alia by the chlorination of acetone in the cold. 

The compound is employed inter alia as an indicator In titrations with potassium dichromate and ceric siilphate solutions. 

Hydrolysis of mixtures of dialkyldichlorosilicanes and alkyltrichloro-silicanes leads inter alia to cross-linked silicones of the type ... 

Qualitative analysis for the elements. This includes an examination of the effect of heat upon the substance—a test which inter alia will indicate the presence of inorganic elements—and quahtative analysis for nitrogen, halogens and sulphur and, if necessary, other inorganic elements. It is clear that the presence or absence of any or all of these elements would immediately exclude from consideration certain classes of organic compounds. 

Group VI. Concentrated sulphuric acid provides a simple test for the diflferentiation inter alia between (a) saturated paraffin and cyclic hydrocarbons and also simple aromatic hydrocarbons and (b) unsaturated hydrocarbons. 

The polyhydric alcohols of Solubility Group II are liquids of relatively high boiling point and may be detected inter alia by the reactions already described for Alcohols (see 6). Compounds containing two hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms (1 2-glyeols), a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones, and 1 2-diketones may be identified by the periodic acid test, given in reaction 9. 

The next example was a post on the Hive by a bee named TaRa (Could be an alias of TDK. Strike ain t sure.). It is essentially the same old song except this girl proved that CuCl2 (cupric chloride) can indeed be used in place of CuCl (cuprous chloride). It also gives you more examples of technique. The more of this one has the more confident they will be in their understanding of the method. 

The usefulness of the procedure described above is demonstrated inten alia by the fact that even highly explosive hexatriyne, HC=CC=CC=CH, can be isolated in almost 90", yield from the reaction of ClCH2CECCECCH2CI with KO-tert.-CijHq in THF (see Chapter V, Exp. I7). 

The conversion of acetylenes into acetyl ides, M-C=C-R (M = Li, Na, K, MgBr), by means of alkyllithium or Grignard reagents in organic solvents or by alkali metal amides in liquid ammonia is well documented (for practical examples see ref. 1, for review articles consult inter alia refs. 2-5). 

The stability of most acetylides, M-Ce8R, in organic solvents, even at room temperature or in liquid ammonia, allows a great variety of synthetic operations to be performed under different conditions (see inter alia refs. 1-5). Lithium... 

High vacuum distillation gave a crystalline product, containing small amounts of impurities, inter alia some 2-butynoic acid. Crystallization from a 3 1 mixture of pentane and diethyl ether at low temperature gave the pure acid, m.p. 77°C, in 38-45 yields. 

G1 as s CO de b Thei mal stress resist ance °c Strain, °C Anne alia °C Soften in °c Workin °C Knoo P hardn ess, HKio 0 Den sity, g/c 3 m Youn g s mod ulus, GPa Poiss on s ratio 25° C 25 0° C 350 °C Powe r factor, % Diele ctric const ant Loss factor, % Refrac tive index... 

As mentioned above (Section 2.13.2.1.3), bipyrimidine photoproducts can arise, probably by reaction between two radicals. Thus, irradiation of an aqueous solution of 5-bromouracil (ill R=Br) in the absence of oxygen produces a variety of products including uracil, barbituric acid, 5-carboxyuracil (111 R = CO2H), several non-pyrimidine compounds and, as a stable end-product, the biuracil (114 R = H). A similar product (114 R = Me) is formed from 5-bromo-l,3-dimethyluracil (ilS). When two such related uracil derivatives are irradiated together, a mixed bipyrimidine product is formed, inter alia (B-76MI21302). 

The phleomycin, bleomycin and related families are widespectrum antibiotics containing the pyrimidine (987) in addition, they have antineoplastic activity and bleomycin is already in clinical use for certain tumours. They were isolated about 1956 from Streptomyces verticillus, and in addition to the pyrimidine portion the molecules contain an amide part (R ) and a complicated part (R ) consisting of polypeptide, an imidazole, two sugars, a bithiazole and a polybasic side chain which can vary widely phleomycin and bleomycin differ by only one double bond in the bithiazole section (78MI21303). The activity of such antibiotics is increased by the addition of simple heterocycles (including inter alia pyrimidines and fused pyrimidines) and other amplifiers (82MI21300). 

A variety of ring syntheses have been devized which depend on carbanion addition to an activated double bond. The examples depicted in Scheme 74 illustrate the use of inter alia cyano and nitro groups which are subsequently eliminated. In appropriate instances the inclusion of additional eliminable groups ensures the formation of fully aromatized products. 

The conversion of furans by oxidative acetylation or methoxylation to 2,5-diacetoxy- or 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofurans respectively, and their subsequent hydrogenation to the corresponding tetrahydrofurans, provides a useful source of protected 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds capable of conversion inter alia into the other five-membered heterocycles [Pg.142]

The stability of isothiazole derives from the fact that it has an aromatic delocalized ir-electron system. The NMR chemical shifts, which depend, inter alia, on ring currents, and the high stability of the molecular ions in mass spectrometry, are typical of aromatic compounds, and X-ray measurements confirm the partial double bond character of all the bonds of the ring. 

Polymethylmethacrylate (Acrylic and PMMA) Nylon, alias Polyamide (PA)... 

The next simplest group of linear polymers is the vinylidcnc group. Now two of the hydrogens of ethylene are replaced by radicals. Polymethylmethacrylate (alias PMMA,... 

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